Digestion System

Front 1

Digestion System

Back 1

mechanical/chemical breakdown of foods

Front 2

Processes

Back 2

ingestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation

Front 3

Alimentary canal

Back 3

another name for digestion system; mouth to the anus

Front 4

Salivary glands
(accessory organ)

Back 4

-Secrete saliva

-Saliva contains SALIVARY AMYLASE;enzyme that starts breakdown of carbs

Front 5

Liver
(accessory organ)

Back 5

-Produces bile (emulsifies fat)

Front 6

Gallbladder
(accessory organ)

Back 6

-Stores bile

-Introduces bile to small intestines

Front 7

Pancreas
(Accessory organ)

Back 7

-Produces/secretes pancreatic juice

-Contains digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into small intestines

Front 8

Mouth

Back 8

-Mechanical breakdown of food

-Begins chemical digestion of carbs

Front 9

Pharynx

Back 9

Connects mouth to esophagus

Front 10

Esophagus

Back 10

Peristalsis pushes food to stomach

Front 11

Stomach

Back 11

-Secretes acid & enzymes

-Mixes food with secretions

-Responsible for digestion of Proteins

Front 12

Small Intestines

Back 12

-Mixes food w/ bile and pancreatic juice

-Site of final breakdown of food molecules

-Main site of nutrient absorption

Front 13

Large intestines

Back 13

-Absorbs water & electrolytes to form feces

-Stores feces

Front 14

Rectum

Back 14

-Regulates elimination of feces

-Connects to the anus

Front 15

Mesentery

Back 15

-Support blood vessels that supply the gut

-Serous membrane secretes serous fluid

Front 16

Lacteal

Back 16

Specialized lymphatic vessel that absorbs fatty substances

Front 17

Layers of the Small Intestines

Back 17

-Serosa (outer layer)
-Muscular layer (2 layers)
-Submucosa
-Mucosa (inner layer)

Front 18

Serosa
(Outer)

Back 18

-Epithelium & CT

-Protection/lubrication

Front 19

Muscular Layer
(2 layers)

Back 19

-Circular-around-decreases diameter of tube

-Longitudinal-length-shortens tube when contracted

Front 20

Submucosa

Back 20

-Loose CT
-Blood vessels
-Lymphatic vessels
-Nerves

-Nourishes surrounding tissues
-Transports absorbed materials

Front 21

Mucosa
(Inner)

Back 21

-Microvilli present(increase surface area for absorption)
-Goblet cells for secretion
-Epithelial cells for protection
-Absorption
-Digestion

Front 22

Churning
(stomach)

Back 22

Mixing of food and gastric juices

Front 23

Segmentation
(small intestines)

Back 23

-Exposes ingested food to digestive enzymes
-Back & forth for mixing

Front 24

Peristalsis
(small intestines)

Back 24

Wavelike contraction to move bolus (ball of food)

Front 25

Innervation of tube

Back 25

Carried out by the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions (autonomic nervous system)

Front 26

Submucosal Plexus

Back 26

Controls secretions

Front 27

Myenteric Plexus
(muscle of gut)

Back 27

Controls gastrointestinal movement

Front 28

Parasympathetic Impulses

Back 28

Increase activities of digestive system

Front 29

Sympathetic Impulses

Back 29

Inhibit certain digestive actions

Front 30

Mouth
(Site of Mastication;chewing)

Back 30

1. Ingests food
2. Uses saliva to mechanically break up solid particles
3. Prepares food for chemical digestion

Front 31

Lips

Back 31

Contain sensory receptors;judge characteristics of foods

Front 32

Tongue

Back 32

Contains taste receptors;mixes and moves food

Front 33

Palate

Back 33

1. Directs food to pharynx
2. Roof of oral cavity
3. Hard (anterior)
4. Soft (posterior)

Front 34

Teeth
(Gomphosis joint)

Back 34

1. 20 Primary (deciduous;fall out)
2. 32 Secondary (permanent)

Front 35

3 pairs of Salivary glands

Back 35

1. Parotid glands (largest of the 3)
2. Submandibular glands
3. Sublingual glands

Front 36

Parotid glands

Back 36

Salivary amylase

Front 37

Submandibular glands

Back 37

Serous fluid; some mucus

Front 38

Sublingual glands

Back 38

Primarily mucus

Front 39

Pharynx

Back 39

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Front 40

Swallowing Mechanism

Back 40

1. Voluntary;saliva mixes with chewed food
2. Swallowing begins;reflex triggered
3. Peristalsis transports food frm esophagus to stomach

Front 41

Swallowing Mechanism
(cont.)

Back 41

-Palate/uvula raise
-Hyoid bone/larynx raise
-Epiglottis closes off trachea
-longitudinal muscles of pharynx contract

Front 42

Swallowing Mechanism
(cont.)

Back 42

-Inferior constrictor muscles relax/esophagus opens
-UES-upper esophageal sphincter (skeletal muscle;voluntary)
-LES-lower esophageal sphincter (smooth muscle;involuntary)
-Peristaltic waves pushes food thru pharynx

Front 43

Stomach
(2 layers of smooth muscle;involuntary)

Back 43

1. Inner circular layer
2. Outer longitudinal layer
3. 3rd layer of oblique fibers

Front 44

Pepsinogen
(gastric secretions)

Back 44

1. Activated by Hydrochloric acid
2. Secreted by chief cells
3. Inactive form of pepsin

pepsinogen--->HCl--->pepsin

Front 45

Pepsin

Back 45

Protein splitting enzyme

Front 46

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Back 46

Secreted from parietal cells

Front 47

Mucus

Back 47

-From goblet cells/mucous glands
-Protective to stomach wall

Front 48

Intrinsic Factor

Back 48

-Secreted from parietal cells
-Needed for vitamin B12 absorption

Front 49

Cephalic Phase

Back 49

-Sight/taste/smell/thought of food
-Parasympathetic reflexes

Front 50

Gastric Phase

Back 50

Stimulated chemically and mechanically by food in the stomach

Front 51

Intestinal Phase

Back 51

Food enters small intestines/intestinal cells releases intestinal gastrin(hormone);promotes secretion of gastric juices

Front 52

Stomach Absorption

Back 52

-Some water
-Certain salts
-Certain lipid soluble drugs
-Alcohol

Front 53

Pancreas

Back 53

-Endocrine/Exocrine
-Secretes digestive juice;pancreatic juices(exocrine function)
-Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes

Front 54

Pancreatic Amylase

Back 54

Splits glycogen

Front 55

Pancreatic Lipase

Back 55

Breaks down triglycerides

Front 56

Protein Digestion

Back 56

1. Trypsin (most active)
2. Chymotrypsin
3. Carboxypeptidase

Front 57

Nucleases

Back 57

Digest nucleic acids

Front 58

Bicarbonate ions

Back 58

Make pancreatic juice alkaline

Front 59

Intestinal Mucosa

Back 59

Releases secretin (hormone secreted in response to acidic chyme) into bloodstream

Front 60

Liver

Back 60

Largest internal organ

Front 61

Liver (cont)

Back 61

-Glucose----->glycogen
-Breakdown glycogen to glucose
-Non-carbs---->glucose

Front 62

Liver (cont)

Back 62

-Synthesizes lipoproteins,phospholips, cholesterol
-Carbs/proteins to fats
-Forms urea
-Synthesizes plasma proteins

Front 63

Liver (cont)

Back 63

-Stores glycogen,Iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12
-Phagocytosis of worn out RBCs and foreign substances
-Removes toxins like alcohol and certain drugs from blood

Front 64

Bile

Back 64

-Yellowish-green liquid secreted by hepatic cells
-Contains water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes

Front 65

Functions of Bile Salts
(Recycled as they return to liver)

Back 65

-Emulsify fats (break fat globules into droplets)
-Help absorb fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
-Aid digestive enzymes

Front 66

Functions of Bile Salts (cont)

Back 66

-Reduce surface tension
-Enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol

Front 67

Small Intestines

Back 67

-Extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
-Completes digestion of nutrients in chyme
-Absorbs products of digestion
-Transports remaining residue to large intestines

Front 68

Small Intestines (cont.)

Back 68

-Duodenum
-Jejunum
-Ileum

Front 69

Secretions of Small Intestines

Back 69

-Brunner's glands(specialized glands);secrete thick, alkaline mucus

Front 70

Peptidase

Back 70

Peptides----->amino acids

Front 71

Sucrase,Maltase,Lactase

Back 71

Disaccharides----->Monosaccharides

Front 72

Lipase

Back 72

Fats---->fatty acids and glycerol

Front 73

Enterokinase

Back 73

Trypsinogen---->Trypsin

Front 74

Somatostatin(hormone)
(inhibits GH)

Back 74

-secreted from Delta Cells of the pancreas
-inhibits acid secretion by the stomach

Front 75

Cholecystokinin(hormone)

Back 75

-inhibits gastric glands
-stimulates pancreas to release enzymes in pancreatic juice
-stimulates gallbladder to release bile

Front 76

Secretin

Back 76

Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice

Front 77

Regulation of Small Intestine Secretion

Back 77

-Mucus secretion stimulated by presence of chyme
-Distension of intestinal wall activates nerve plexus
-Parasympathetic reflexes trigger release of intestinal enzymes

Front 78

Gastric Enzymes

Back 78

-Pepsin
-Gastric Lipase

Front 79

Pancreatic Enzymes

Back 79

-Pancreatic amylase
-Pancreatic lipase
-Trypsin,chymotrysin
-Carboxypeptidase
-Nucleases

Front 80

Intestinal Enzymes
(Mucosal cells)

Back 80

-Peptidase
-Sucrase,maltase,lactase
-Intestinal lipase
-Enterokinase

Front 81

Absorption of Small Intestines
Monosaccharides & Amino Acids

Back 81

-thru facilitated diffusion/active transport
-absorbed into blood

Front 82

Absorption of Small Intestines
Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Back 82

Absorbed into lymph and blood

Front 83

Absorption of Small Intestines
Electrolytes and Water

Back 83

-Diffusion,osmosis,active transport
-Absorbed into blood

Front 84

Large Intestine
(same layers as small intestines)

Back 84

-Cecum
-Colon(ascending,tranverse,descending,sigmoid colon)
-Rectum
-Anus

Front 85

Large Intestines (cont)

Back 85

-little or no digestive function
-absorbs water and electrolytes
-secretes mucus
-houses intestinal flora(bacteria)
-forms/stores feces
-carries out defecation

Front 86

Movements of Large Intestines

Back 86

-slower and less frequent than small intestines
-mixing movement and peristalsis
-mass movement usually follows a meal
-defecation reflex;relaxes internal anal sphincter and then external anal sphincter

Front 87

Feces

Back 87

-materials not digested or absorbed
-water -bacteria
-electrolytes -mucus
-bile pigments

Front 88

Odor produced by bacterial compounds

Back 88

-phenol
-hydrogen sulfide
-indole
-skatole
-ammonia