• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/107

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

107 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
Where are the non-glandular regions in the horse?
From the oesophageal sphincter to margo plicatus
Where are the non-glandular regions in the pigs stomach?
Small zone around oesophageal sphincter
Where are the non-glandular regions in the ruminates stomach?
- Rumen
- Reticulum
- Omasum
In simple stomachs, what is the non-glandular region lined with?
Stratified squamous epithelium (may be keratinized)
What is in the lamina propria of simple stomachs?
Irregular dense connective tissue
Where is the ruminal papillae found?
- Longest in blind and ventral sacs
- Absent on pillarsand dorsal wall
What is the epithelium of rumen papillae
- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinised layer)
What does the lamina propria consist of in the ruminal papillae?
- Irregular dense connective tissue
- Capillaries, nerves
- Lymphoid tissue absent
What is the muscularis mucosa like in the ruminal papillae?
Absent
Describe the submucosa in the ruminal papillae?
Loose connective tissue
Describe the tunica muscular is in the ruminal papillae?
- 2-3 layers
- Thick at pillars
What is the serosa like in rumen papillae?
- Epithelium (mesothelium)
--- Simple squamous or cuboidal
- Subserosa
--- Rich in adipose tissue
Describe the structure of the walls of the reticulum?
Primary folds form the hexagonal 'cells', which are further subdivided by secondary folds and tertiary folds
What is the epithelium in the reticulum?
Stratified squamous and keratinized, similar to the rumen
What is in the lamina propria of the reticulum?
- irregular dense connective tissue
- Elastic fibres
Filiform Thread-like
covered in cornfield epithelium
rostral 2/3| 0
Fungiform - Low|- Rounded|- Containing taste buds|- Rostral 2/3 0
0
4
Foliate - Large|- Leaf-like|- Marked by transverse fissures|- Contain taste buds|- Contain serous glands|- Maybe contain mucous glands 0
0
4
Vallate - Large|- Circular|- Surrounded by a deep groove|- Tatse buds|- Serous and mucous glands in horse 0
0
4
Lenticular - Medium size|- Round/flattened|- Found in ruminants on torus linguae 0
0
4
Conical - Cone shaped|- Fairly large and soft |- Found on the root (not horses) and from cheek papillae in ruminants 0
0
4
Gustatory papillae (those with taste buds)|1. Fungiform|2. Vallate|3. Foliate 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Root - Attachment point to hyoid bone
soft palate and pharynx 0
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Body - Middle region
with dorsal and 2 free lateral surfaces 0
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Apex - Tip of tongue 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsum Linguae - Dorsal surface 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Frenulum Linguae - Fold of mucous membrane linking the free ventral apex to floor of mouth 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Torsus Linguae - (in ruminants) raised zone on caudal part of the dorsum 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Fossa Linguae - (in cow) transverse groove in front of the torus 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Lyssa - (in carnivores) a cord of muscular and fibrous tissue and fat on middle of under surface of tip 0
0
4
Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsal Lingual Cartilage - (horses) median cord of elastic fibres and cartilage under mucosa of the dorsum 0
0
4
Hypsodont Teeth - As surface wears
pulp may become exposed|- Sealed with secondary dentine|- Cheek teeth of herbivores|- Incisors of horses|- May continue to grow throughout life 0
Tooth Surfaces: Occlusal - Where teeth meet each other when you close your mouth 0
0
4
Tooth Surfaces: Lingual - Side of teeth in contact with tongue 0
0
4
Tooth Surfaces: Vestibular - Side in contact with check (labial at front of mouth) 0
0
4
Tooth Surfaces: Mesial - In between teeth
front of tooth 0
Tooth Surfaces: Distal - In between teeth
back of tooth 0
Buccal Gland - Dorsal/middle = mucous|- Ventral = Serous 0
0
4
Oesophagus Histology: Mucosa - Stratified squamous epithelium|- Lamina propria = no glands|- Muscularis Mucosae = incomplete 0
0
4
Oesophagus Histology: Submucosa - Mucous oesophageal glands
variable distribution 0
Oesophagus Histology: Muscularis Externa - Initially spiral skeletal muscle from pharynx|- Forms cranial oesophageal sphincter |- Functions in sequence with cardiac sphincter|- Then outer longitudinal and inner circular mm|- Distribution of skeletal muscle varies with species 0
0
4
Oesophagus Histology: Tunica Adventitia - Connective tissue sheath
allows movement 0
Simple Stomach: Parietal Surface - Facing liver and diaphragm 0
0
4
Simple Stomach: Visceral surface - Facing intestines and spleen 0
0
4
Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Non-glandular mucosa - Whitish|- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Often folded
may be thick and cornified 0
Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Glandular mucosa - Reddish to yellow|- Covered with columnar epithelium|- May have folds (rugae) 0
0
3
Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Fundic (Proper) Glands - Tubular|- Hydrochloric acid and enzymes 0
0
3
Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Cardiac Glands - Branched
tubular|- Mainly mucus secretion 0
Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Pyloric Glands - Short
branched and coiled|- Mucus and gastrin (polypeptide hormone) 0
Ruminant Omentums: Lesser Omentum - From omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum|- To cranial border of duodenum 0
0
3
Ruminant Omentums: Greater Omentum Superficial Layer|- Left longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum||Deep Layer|- Right longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum 0
0
3
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Rumen - Lining of cornfield
stratified squamous epithelium|- Increase surface area|- Papillae|--- Prominent in cranial
ventral and blind sacs|--- Reduced on pillars and on dorsal sac 0
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Reticulum - Honeycomb of crests|- Spaces between are called "cells"|- Subdivided by smaller crests|- Near cardia
rumen and reticulum merge at atrium ventriculi 0
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Omasum - Book or bible|- Large internal folds 0
0
3
Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Abomasum Glandular Stomach||- Proper or Fundic Glands|--- Most of funds
reddish-grey||- Pyloric Glands|--- Pyloric region|--- Yellowish||- Cardiac Glands|--- Narrow region|--- Around omasoabomasal opening||- Pyloric sphincter with torus pyloricus 0
Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Histological Regions 1. funds and body|2. Pylorus 0
0
3
Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Carnivores - Entire stomach 0
0
3
Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Pigs - Most stomach 0
0
3
Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Horses - 2/3 stomach 0
0
3
Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Ruminants - Abomasum only 0
0
3
Glandular Stomach: Cardiac Glands - Glands located in the lamina propria|- Columnar epithelium forming gastric pits|- Pale/frothy due to mucous|- Occasional parietal and peptic cells 0
0
3
Glandular Stomach: Fundic Gland Area - Glands in the lamina propria|- There main secretory cells: mucous neck cells
chief (peptic) cells and parietal (oxyntic) cells|- Peptic cells are darker
parietal cells resemble "fried eggs" 0
Glandular Stomach: Pyloric Glands - Gastric pits are deeper and wider|- Glands short
very branched and coiled|- Mainly mucous cells|- Occasionally parietal 0
Non-Glandular Stomach: Horse - Non-glandular from oesophageal philter to margo plicatus 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Pig - Small zone around oesophageal sphincter 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Ruminants - Rumen|- Reticulum|- Omasum 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology - Stratified squamous epithelium|--- May be keratinised
esp. in horse|- Lamina propria|--- Dense irregular connective tissue 0
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Rumen - Lots of papillae (especially in blind and ventral sacs)|- Absent on pillars and dorsal wall|- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinized layer)|- Lamina propria|--- Irregular dense CT|--- Capillaries
nerves|--- Lymphoid tissue absent |- No muscularis mucosa|- Submucosa: loose CT|- Tunica muscularis: 2-3 layers
thick at pillars|- Serosa: epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal|- Subserosa: rich in adipose tissue 0
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum - Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Honeycomb structure; primary
secondary and tertiary folds|- Muscularis mucosae may form rings around top of folds 0
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Epithelium - Stratified Squamous Keratinized 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum lamina propria - Dense irregular CT|- Elastic Fibres 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Submucosa - Loose CT
inseparable from lamina propria 0
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Tunica Muscularis| - Outer longitudinal |- Inner circular|- Continuous with reticular groover 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Serosa - Similar to rumen|- Epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal 0
0
3
Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Omasum - Book like folds (folding of mucosa)|- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Lamina propria = Loose CT
lots of capillaries|- Note how double layers of muscularis mucosae + muscularis extreme all extend into folds!|- Serosa same as rumen 0
Gastric Groove: Spirals clockwise ... Oesophagus --> reticulum --> Omasum --> abomasum 0
0
3
Gastric Groove - Reticular
omasal and abomasal parts|- Reticular portion can close over to form a tube
directing liquids from oesophagus to the omasum 0
Taenia - Longitudinal muscle bands|- Providing support 0
0
3
Haustra - Sacculations in the intestine wall 0
0
3
Colon: Three Main Divisions - Ascending: from caecum
cranially on right|- Transverse: from right to left
in front of Cran. Mesenteric a. |- Descending: on left
Colon in the Horse - Caecum (4)|- Right Ventral (4)|- Sternal Flexure (4)|- Left Ventral (4)|- Pelvic Flexure (1)|- Left Dorsal (1)|- Diaphragmatic Flexure (3)|- Right Dorsal (3)|- Transverse Colon (2)|- Descending Colon (2)|- Rectum and Anus 0
0
3
Abdominal Blood Supply 3 Unpaired arteries from aorta in abdomen:||1. Coeliac|- Spleic
left gastric
hepatic||2. Cranial Mesenteric |- Through root of mesentery|- Intestine from dist. duodenum to transv. colon||3. Caudal mesenteric |- Desc. colon and prox. rectum 0
Venous Drainage Venous blood in intestinal capillaries |- Joins larger veins|- To Hepatic Portal V 0
0
3
Hepatic Portal V. Branches - Gastroduodenal|- Splenic|- Cran. Mesenteric|- Caud. Mesenteric|- From liver --> Hepatic v. --. caudal vena cava 0
0
3
Intestine Histology: Dog Duodenum - Large Villi|- Epithelium: simple columnar|- Lamina propria has Crypts of Lieberkuhn/Intestinal glands|- Submucosa has burners glands/duodenal glands (paler staining) 0
0
3
Intestine Histology: Dog Jejunum - Similar to duodenum|- Less or no Brunner's Glands 0
0
3
Intestine Histology: Dog Ileum - Similar to duodenum/jejunum|- More lymphatic tissue 0
0
3
Intestine Histology: Caecum - No villi - smoother near lumen|- Lots of goblet cells |- More lymphatic tissue 0
0
3
Nerve Plexuses Nerve plexuses
which control the contraction of smooth muscle
are found in:|- Submucosa (= Meissner's Plexus)|- Between circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa (= Auerbach's plexus) 0
Large Intestine - No villi|- Crypts present|- Flatter surface|- Lots of goblet cells |- Muscularis mucosae: |--- Thinnest in caecum|--- Thickets in rectum|- Submucosa:|--- Blood vessels|--- Meissner's plexus|--- Lymph nodules 0
0
3
Large Intestine: Tunica Muscularis Inner circular muscle|- Forms internal sphincter of anus||Outer longitudinal muscle|- Forms taenia in pig and horse|- Ends at anorectal line 0
0
3
Shape of Liver Diaphragmatic (parietal) surface is:|- Convex and faces cranially
against diaphragm||Visceral surface is: |- Concave
faces caudally
Liver Attachments: Visceral - Hepatogastric ligament to the stomach|- Hepatoduodenal ligament to the proximal duodenum|- Together form the lesser omentum 0
0
3
Liver Attachments: Parietal - Triangular ligament R and L|- Coronary Ligament|- Falciform Ligament 0
0
3
Minor Liver Attachments - Hepato-renal Ligament = Caudate Ligament|- Omentum|- Round Ligament 0
0
3
Liver Blood Vessels Hepatic Artery|- Enters at porta||Hepatic Poratl Vein|- Enters at porta 0
0
3
Sinusoids - From portal triad to central vein 0
0
3
Gall Bladder - Stores and concentrates bile|- Not present in horses 0
0
3
Pancreas - Compound acinus gland (mostly exocrine) secrete digestive enzymes|- Islet of langerhans: small masses of endocrine cells
secrete insulin and glucagon (paler then surrounding tissue) 0
Pancreatic Ducts 1. Intercalated duct draining into an intralobular duct (cuboidal epithelium)|2. Small interlobular ducts (columnar epithelium)|3. Large interlobular duct 0
0
3
The lesser omentum extends to... Extends to the liver (hepatogastric ligament) 0
0
1
Where can you find the omental bursa? Omental bursa lies between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum 0
0
1
What is the torus pyloricus? - A protrusion serving to narrow the pyloric aperture|- Fatty|- On lesser curvature 0
0
1
What do parietal cells produce? Acid 0
0
1
What do peptic cells produce? - Enzymes 0
0
1
Vela Abomasica Leading to abomasum
contain lymph nodes 0
Ascending colon of Sheep Centripetal loops --> Central flexure --> centrifugal loops 0
0
1