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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Where are the non-glandular regions in the horse?
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From the oesophageal sphincter to margo plicatus
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Where are the non-glandular regions in the pigs stomach?
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Small zone around oesophageal sphincter
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Where are the non-glandular regions in the ruminates stomach?
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- Rumen
- Reticulum - Omasum |
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In simple stomachs, what is the non-glandular region lined with?
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Stratified squamous epithelium (may be keratinized)
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What is in the lamina propria of simple stomachs?
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Irregular dense connective tissue
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Where is the ruminal papillae found?
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- Longest in blind and ventral sacs
- Absent on pillarsand dorsal wall |
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What is the epithelium of rumen papillae
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- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinised layer)
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What does the lamina propria consist of in the ruminal papillae?
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- Irregular dense connective tissue
- Capillaries, nerves - Lymphoid tissue absent |
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What is the muscularis mucosa like in the ruminal papillae?
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Absent
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Describe the submucosa in the ruminal papillae?
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Loose connective tissue
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Describe the tunica muscular is in the ruminal papillae?
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- 2-3 layers
- Thick at pillars |
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What is the serosa like in rumen papillae?
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- Epithelium (mesothelium)
--- Simple squamous or cuboidal - Subserosa --- Rich in adipose tissue |
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Describe the structure of the walls of the reticulum?
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Primary folds form the hexagonal 'cells', which are further subdivided by secondary folds and tertiary folds
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What is the epithelium in the reticulum?
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Stratified squamous and keratinized, similar to the rumen
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What is in the lamina propria of the reticulum?
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- irregular dense connective tissue
- Elastic fibres |
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Filiform Thread-like
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covered in cornfield epithelium
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rostral 2/3| 0
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Fungiform - Low|- Rounded|- Containing taste buds|- Rostral 2/3 0
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0
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4
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Foliate - Large|- Leaf-like|- Marked by transverse fissures|- Contain taste buds|- Contain serous glands|- Maybe contain mucous glands 0
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0
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4
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Vallate - Large|- Circular|- Surrounded by a deep groove|- Tatse buds|- Serous and mucous glands in horse 0
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0
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4
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Lenticular - Medium size|- Round/flattened|- Found in ruminants on torus linguae 0
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0
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4
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Conical - Cone shaped|- Fairly large and soft |- Found on the root (not horses) and from cheek papillae in ruminants 0
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0
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4
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Gustatory papillae (those with taste buds)|1. Fungiform|2. Vallate|3. Foliate 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Root - Attachment point to hyoid bone
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soft palate and pharynx 0
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Body - Middle region
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with dorsal and 2 free lateral surfaces 0
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Apex - Tip of tongue 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsum Linguae - Dorsal surface 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Frenulum Linguae - Fold of mucous membrane linking the free ventral apex to floor of mouth 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Torsus Linguae - (in ruminants) raised zone on caudal part of the dorsum 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Fossa Linguae - (in cow) transverse groove in front of the torus 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Lyssa - (in carnivores) a cord of muscular and fibrous tissue and fat on middle of under surface of tip 0
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0
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4
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Tongue Gross Anatomy: Dorsal Lingual Cartilage - (horses) median cord of elastic fibres and cartilage under mucosa of the dorsum 0
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0
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4
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Hypsodont Teeth - As surface wears
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pulp may become exposed|- Sealed with secondary dentine|- Cheek teeth of herbivores|- Incisors of horses|- May continue to grow throughout life 0
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Tooth Surfaces: Occlusal - Where teeth meet each other when you close your mouth 0
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0
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4
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Tooth Surfaces: Lingual - Side of teeth in contact with tongue 0
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0
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4
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Tooth Surfaces: Vestibular - Side in contact with check (labial at front of mouth) 0
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0
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4
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Tooth Surfaces: Mesial - In between teeth
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front of tooth 0
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Tooth Surfaces: Distal - In between teeth
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back of tooth 0
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Buccal Gland - Dorsal/middle = mucous|- Ventral = Serous 0
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0
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4
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Oesophagus Histology: Mucosa - Stratified squamous epithelium|- Lamina propria = no glands|- Muscularis Mucosae = incomplete 0
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0
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4
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Oesophagus Histology: Submucosa - Mucous oesophageal glands
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variable distribution 0
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Oesophagus Histology: Muscularis Externa - Initially spiral skeletal muscle from pharynx|- Forms cranial oesophageal sphincter |- Functions in sequence with cardiac sphincter|- Then outer longitudinal and inner circular mm|- Distribution of skeletal muscle varies with species 0
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0
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4
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Oesophagus Histology: Tunica Adventitia - Connective tissue sheath
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allows movement 0
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Simple Stomach: Parietal Surface - Facing liver and diaphragm 0
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0
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4
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Simple Stomach: Visceral surface - Facing intestines and spleen 0
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0
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4
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Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Non-glandular mucosa - Whitish|- Stratified squamous epithelium|- Often folded
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may be thick and cornified 0
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Simple Stomach: Internal Morphology|- Glandular mucosa - Reddish to yellow|- Covered with columnar epithelium|- May have folds (rugae) 0
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0
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3
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Fundic (Proper) Glands - Tubular|- Hydrochloric acid and enzymes 0
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0
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3
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Cardiac Glands - Branched
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tubular|- Mainly mucus secretion 0
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Simple Stomach: Gastric Glands|- Pyloric Glands - Short
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branched and coiled|- Mucus and gastrin (polypeptide hormone) 0
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Ruminant Omentums: Lesser Omentum - From omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum|- To cranial border of duodenum 0
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0
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3
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Ruminant Omentums: Greater Omentum Superficial Layer|- Left longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum||Deep Layer|- Right longitudinal groove|- Ventral descending duodenum 0
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0
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3
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Rumen - Lining of cornfield
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stratified squamous epithelium|- Increase surface area|- Papillae|--- Prominent in cranial
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ventral and blind sacs|--- Reduced on pillars and on dorsal sac 0
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Reticulum - Honeycomb of crests|- Spaces between are called "cells"|- Subdivided by smaller crests|- Near cardia
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rumen and reticulum merge at atrium ventriculi 0
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Omasum - Book or bible|- Large internal folds 0
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0
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3
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Complex Stomachs: Internal Morphology|- Abomasum Glandular Stomach||- Proper or Fundic Glands|--- Most of funds
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reddish-grey||- Pyloric Glands|--- Pyloric region|--- Yellowish||- Cardiac Glands|--- Narrow region|--- Around omasoabomasal opening||- Pyloric sphincter with torus pyloricus 0
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Histological Regions 1. funds and body|2. Pylorus 0
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0
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3
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Carnivores - Entire stomach 0
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0
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3
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Pigs - Most stomach 0
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0
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3
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Horses - 2/3 stomach 0
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0
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3
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Glandular Stomach: Glandular Regions|- Ruminants - Abomasum only 0
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0
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3
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Glandular Stomach: Cardiac Glands - Glands located in the lamina propria|- Columnar epithelium forming gastric pits|- Pale/frothy due to mucous|- Occasional parietal and peptic cells 0
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0
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3
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Glandular Stomach: Fundic Gland Area - Glands in the lamina propria|- There main secretory cells: mucous neck cells
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chief (peptic) cells and parietal (oxyntic) cells|- Peptic cells are darker
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parietal cells resemble "fried eggs" 0
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Glandular Stomach: Pyloric Glands - Gastric pits are deeper and wider|- Glands short
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very branched and coiled|- Mainly mucous cells|- Occasionally parietal 0
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Horse - Non-glandular from oesophageal philter to margo plicatus 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Pig - Small zone around oesophageal sphincter 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Ruminants - Rumen|- Reticulum|- Omasum 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology - Stratified squamous epithelium|--- May be keratinised
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esp. in horse|- Lamina propria|--- Dense irregular connective tissue 0
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Rumen - Lots of papillae (especially in blind and ventral sacs)|- Absent on pillars and dorsal wall|- Stratified squamous epithelium (thin keratinized layer)|- Lamina propria|--- Irregular dense CT|--- Capillaries
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nerves|--- Lymphoid tissue absent |- No muscularis mucosa|- Submucosa: loose CT|- Tunica muscularis: 2-3 layers
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thick at pillars|- Serosa: epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal|- Subserosa: rich in adipose tissue 0
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum - Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Honeycomb structure; primary
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secondary and tertiary folds|- Muscularis mucosae may form rings around top of folds 0
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Epithelium - Stratified Squamous Keratinized 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum lamina propria - Dense irregular CT|- Elastic Fibres 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Submucosa - Loose CT
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inseparable from lamina propria 0
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Tunica Muscularis| - Outer longitudinal |- Inner circular|- Continuous with reticular groover 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Reticulum Serosa - Similar to rumen|- Epithelium = simple squamous or cuboidal 0
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0
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3
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Non-Glandular Stomach: Histology|- Omasum - Book like folds (folding of mucosa)|- Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)|- Lamina propria = Loose CT
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lots of capillaries|- Note how double layers of muscularis mucosae + muscularis extreme all extend into folds!|- Serosa same as rumen 0
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Gastric Groove: Spirals clockwise ... Oesophagus --> reticulum --> Omasum --> abomasum 0
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0
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3
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Gastric Groove - Reticular
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omasal and abomasal parts|- Reticular portion can close over to form a tube
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directing liquids from oesophagus to the omasum 0
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Taenia - Longitudinal muscle bands|- Providing support 0
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0
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3
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Haustra - Sacculations in the intestine wall 0
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0
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3
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Colon: Three Main Divisions - Ascending: from caecum
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cranially on right|- Transverse: from right to left
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in front of Cran. Mesenteric a. |- Descending: on left
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Colon in the Horse - Caecum (4)|- Right Ventral (4)|- Sternal Flexure (4)|- Left Ventral (4)|- Pelvic Flexure (1)|- Left Dorsal (1)|- Diaphragmatic Flexure (3)|- Right Dorsal (3)|- Transverse Colon (2)|- Descending Colon (2)|- Rectum and Anus 0
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0
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3
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Abdominal Blood Supply 3 Unpaired arteries from aorta in abdomen:||1. Coeliac|- Spleic
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left gastric
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hepatic||2. Cranial Mesenteric |- Through root of mesentery|- Intestine from dist. duodenum to transv. colon||3. Caudal mesenteric |- Desc. colon and prox. rectum 0
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Venous Drainage Venous blood in intestinal capillaries |- Joins larger veins|- To Hepatic Portal V 0
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0
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3
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Hepatic Portal V. Branches - Gastroduodenal|- Splenic|- Cran. Mesenteric|- Caud. Mesenteric|- From liver --> Hepatic v. --. caudal vena cava 0
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0
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3
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Intestine Histology: Dog Duodenum - Large Villi|- Epithelium: simple columnar|- Lamina propria has Crypts of Lieberkuhn/Intestinal glands|- Submucosa has burners glands/duodenal glands (paler staining) 0
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0
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3
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Intestine Histology: Dog Jejunum - Similar to duodenum|- Less or no Brunner's Glands 0
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0
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3
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Intestine Histology: Dog Ileum - Similar to duodenum/jejunum|- More lymphatic tissue 0
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0
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3
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Intestine Histology: Caecum - No villi - smoother near lumen|- Lots of goblet cells |- More lymphatic tissue 0
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0
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3
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Nerve Plexuses Nerve plexuses
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which control the contraction of smooth muscle
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are found in:|- Submucosa (= Meissner's Plexus)|- Between circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis externa (= Auerbach's plexus) 0
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Large Intestine - No villi|- Crypts present|- Flatter surface|- Lots of goblet cells |- Muscularis mucosae: |--- Thinnest in caecum|--- Thickets in rectum|- Submucosa:|--- Blood vessels|--- Meissner's plexus|--- Lymph nodules 0
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0
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3
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Large Intestine: Tunica Muscularis Inner circular muscle|- Forms internal sphincter of anus||Outer longitudinal muscle|- Forms taenia in pig and horse|- Ends at anorectal line 0
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0
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3
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Shape of Liver Diaphragmatic (parietal) surface is:|- Convex and faces cranially
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against diaphragm||Visceral surface is: |- Concave
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faces caudally
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Liver Attachments: Visceral - Hepatogastric ligament to the stomach|- Hepatoduodenal ligament to the proximal duodenum|- Together form the lesser omentum 0
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0
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3
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Liver Attachments: Parietal - Triangular ligament R and L|- Coronary Ligament|- Falciform Ligament 0
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0
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3
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Minor Liver Attachments - Hepato-renal Ligament = Caudate Ligament|- Omentum|- Round Ligament 0
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0
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3
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Liver Blood Vessels Hepatic Artery|- Enters at porta||Hepatic Poratl Vein|- Enters at porta 0
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0
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3
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Sinusoids - From portal triad to central vein 0
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0
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3
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Gall Bladder - Stores and concentrates bile|- Not present in horses 0
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0
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3
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Pancreas - Compound acinus gland (mostly exocrine) secrete digestive enzymes|- Islet of langerhans: small masses of endocrine cells
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secrete insulin and glucagon (paler then surrounding tissue) 0
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Pancreatic Ducts 1. Intercalated duct draining into an intralobular duct (cuboidal epithelium)|2. Small interlobular ducts (columnar epithelium)|3. Large interlobular duct 0
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0
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3
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The lesser omentum extends to... Extends to the liver (hepatogastric ligament) 0
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0
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1
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Where can you find the omental bursa? Omental bursa lies between the superficial and deep layers of the greater omentum 0
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0
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1
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What is the torus pyloricus? - A protrusion serving to narrow the pyloric aperture|- Fatty|- On lesser curvature 0
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0
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1
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What do parietal cells produce? Acid 0
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0
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1
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What do peptic cells produce? - Enzymes 0
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0
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1
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Vela Abomasica Leading to abomasum
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contain lymph nodes 0
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Ascending colon of Sheep Centripetal loops --> Central flexure --> centrifugal loops 0
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0
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1
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