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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is bile made
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liver
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What are the functions of the digestive system
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- Take in food
- Break down food - Absorb - Nutrients - Eliminate waste |
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What is the purpose of the sailary glands
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To produce saliva which is used to break down food in the mouth and keep the mouth moist
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What is the largest salivary gland
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The paritod
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What is the serosa also known as
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Visceral peritoneum
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Where is the adventitia found
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the neck and anus
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What does the enteric plexus do
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control movement and secretion in the tract
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The serous membrane that lines the wall of the adominal cavity is the
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parietal peritoneum
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What does the lesser omentum cover
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connects the lesser curvature to the liver and diaphragm
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What does the greater omentum cover
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connects to the greater curvature to the transverse colon
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The outer surface of the lips are made out of what lining
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Keratinized stratified epithelium
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THe internal surface of the lips are made out of what lining
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Non keratinized strtified squamous epithelium
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How many teeth does an adult have
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32
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How many teeth does a child have
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20
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What system is the salivary glands controlled by
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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What enzymes do saliva secrete
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Salivary Amylase and salivary lipase
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What is the function of salivary amylase
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breaks the covalent bonds between glucose molecules in starch and other polsaccharides to produce disaccharides maltose and isomaltose.
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What is the function of Maltose and isomaltose
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To enhance the sweet taste in food
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What is the function of lysozyme in the mouth
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a weak antibacterial action that washes the oral cavity from bacterial infections
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What happens when lysozyme is not secreted
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ulceration and infection of the mucosa and dental carie formation in the teeth
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What part of the pharynx digests food
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the Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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What lining is the esophagus made out of
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What does the epiglottis cover
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the larynx
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What is mixed with chyme after the chyme has enter the pyloric region of the stomach
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Digestive enzymes from the pancrease; and bile from the liver aid in digestion in the duodenum
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What enters the large intestine
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Chyme that is not absorbed in the small intestine
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Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
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small intestine
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What part of the small intestine does absorption mostly occur
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duodenum and jejuneum
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Why is the muscular layer of the stomach different from other regions of the digestive tract
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because it consists of three layers: longitudinal, oblique, and circular; whereas the small instestine consists of 2 layers: circular and longitudinal
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What is the stomach lined with
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simple columnar epithelium
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What are the functions of the muscular layers in the stomach
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to produce a churning action for digestion
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What proudces hydrocholoric acid and intrinsic factor
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Parietal cells
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What produce pepsiongen which is protein digesting enzymecalled pepsin
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cheif cells
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What is the function of the stomach
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storing and mixing
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What is the function of mucus in the stomach
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to lubricate and protect epithelial cells of the stomach wall from damaging effect of acidic chyme and pepsin
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What is the pH of the stomach when: empty/full
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empty: 4
full: 1-2.0 |
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What type of muscle is the muscularis
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smooth muscle
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What type of tissue is the serosa
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connective
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What is the function of ACL
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to kill bacteria and activate pepsin
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Why is vitamin B12 important
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it is important in DNA synthesis and RBC prouction
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What hormone is secreted by the stomach
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Gastrin
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What does gastrin do
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regulate stomach secretions
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What the cephalic phase
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prepares the stomach to recieve food; responsible for senstaions: taste, smell, chewing and swalling, and pleasant thoughts of food
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Explain the gastric phase
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it is activated by the presence of food in the stomach.
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Explain the process of the gastric phase
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the Vagus nerve in the medulla oblongata is stimulated by food (parasympathetic reflex) and releases ACL and Pepsiongen>pepsin> breaks down proteins> gastrin > more ACL
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What two hormones initiated by fatty acids and lipids in the duodenum do?
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inhibit gastric secretions
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What is the major site for digestions absoption of food
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the small intestine
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What two ducts join each other and empty into the duodenum
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common bile duct and pancreatic duct
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What is the lacteal responsible for
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transporting and absorbing nutrients
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What is the function of absorptive cells
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have microvilli that produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food
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What is the function of goblet cells
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protective mucus
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What is the function of granular cells
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protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria
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What are some differences in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
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a gradual decrease in the diameter wall, thickness and the number of circular foods and villi
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Cluster of lymph nodules found in the ileum is called
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Peyer's patches
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Where is the liver located
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the right upper quadrant of the abdomen against the inferior surface of the diaphragm
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What carries blood that is oxygen poor but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances from the digestive tract to the liver
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Hepatic portal vein
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What brings oxygen rich blood to the liver
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hepatic artery
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What function does the liver have with digestion
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bile nutralizes ACL and emulsifies fats = fat digestion
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What function does the liver have with excretion
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Bile has excretory products such as cholestrol, fats, and bile pigments, (bilirubin) that result from hemoglobin breakdown
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What function does the liver have with nutrient storage
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it removes sugar from the blood and store it in the form of glycogen; also store fats, viatmins A, B12, D, E, and K, copper and iron
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What stimulates the gallbadder to contract and release bile into the duodenum
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cholecystokinin
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Where does 90% of bile salts are reabsorbed
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in the illeum
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Where is the pancreas located
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retroperitoneal, posterior to the stomach in the inferior part of the left upper quadrant
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Where does the large and small intestine meet
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the cecum
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The transport of carrier molecules include
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facilitated diffusion, cotransport, and active transport.
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Carbohydrates consists of
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starches cellulose and sucrose
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Polysaccharides include large carbohydrates such as
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starches, cellulose, and glycogen
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Salivary amylase in the mouth digest
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polysaccharides, fatty acids monoglycerides, and pepsin, smaller polypeptides
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In the pancreas the pancreatic amylase breaks down
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disaccharides
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Mass movements are intergrated by the
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enteric plexus
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The ______ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the _______ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nuclease.
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small intestine, pancreas
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Gastrin secretion is stimulated by
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duodenal pH greater than 3.
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What bone is the tooth located on
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the mandible
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Mass movements are intergrated by the
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enteric plexus
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The ______ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the _______ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nuclease.
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small intestine, pancreas
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Gastrin secretion is stimulated by
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duodenal pH greater than 3.
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What bone is the tooth located on
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the mandible
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The renal tubule is a duct that leads the
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filtrate away from the glomerular capsule.
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Each nephron consists of a renal corpuscle; the renal corpuscle is where plasma is filled from the
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glomerulus and is collected in the glomerular capsule and a renal tubule surrounded by blood vessels.
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Cells of the nephron wall process the material filtered from the blood, this returns valuable substances to the
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bloodstream and collecting additional wastes for excretion.
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This afferent arteriole leads to a convoluted capillary called the
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glomerulus.
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The efferent arteriole leads away from the glomerulus to a second capillary bed, called the
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peritubular capillaries.
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Venous circulation leads away from the .
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nephron
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Urine is formed through a combination of four basic processes:
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1) glomerular filtration, 2) tubular reabsorption, 3) tubular secretion, and 4) water conservation.
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Once the fluid moves into the collecting, duct it is called .
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urine
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The kidneys are able to maintain a relatively stable GFR in spite of changes
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in blood pressure
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The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), primarily functions in
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tubular reabsorption
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The PCT reabsorb about 65% of the
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glomerular filtrate.
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Sodium is thus reabsorbed by both
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simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
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Sodium carriers will also cotransport glucose and amino acids, thus allowing for the
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reabsorption of glucose and amino acids. sodium ions are reabsorbed into the interstitium and then into the blood, an osmotic gradient forms, allowing for the reabsorption of water as well.
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Increase levels of antiduertic hormone will lead to
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decrease volume of urine
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What function does aldosterone have on the kidney
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It increases the rate of sodium ABSORBED and potassium and hydrogen ions secreted
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Between which two structures does blood filtration occur in the kidneys
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Glomerulus and Glomerulus capsule
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The vessels that enter during tubular reabsorption are
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pertubular capillaries
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What promotes glomerular filtration
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blood hydrostatic pressure
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the majority of tubular reabsorption occurs in the
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proximal convolted tubule
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triglycerides are oxidized when triglycerides are broken down into glycerol, which enters ______ to produce ATP, and fatty acids, which enter into ______ to produce ATP
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glycolysis, citric acid cycle
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed where the ________ projects between the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole next to Bowman's capsule.
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distal tubule
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he ______ are specialized portions of the peritubular capillaries that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney.
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vasa recta
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The external urinary sphincter is composed of ______ and is under ______ control.
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skeletal muscle, voluntary
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In general, when filtration pressure increases, filtrate volume ______, and urine volume ______.
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increases, increases
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How much of the original filtrate volume is reabsorbed?
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99
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In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water moves out of the nephron by ______, and solutes move into the nephron by ______.
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osmosis, diffusion
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If respiration rate increases, the amount of CO2 in the blood ______, and pH ______.
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decreases, increases
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The urinary system assists in regulating all of these EXCEPT:
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Body temperature
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