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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The digestive system is responsible for |
Converting what we eat and drink into substances our bodies need to function |
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Ingestion |
Food entering the gastrointestinal tract through the oral cavity (where the digestive process begins) |
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Mechanical digestion |
Complex substances are broken down into smaller more absorbable pieces without being chemically changed |
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Chemical digestion |
Complex substances are chemically broken down into more absorbable pieces |
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Digestion |
Food is passed from the oral cavity to the stomach and small intestine where it is broken down into smaller more basic substances (second step in digestion) |
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Absorption |
Material from the broken down food that can be used by the body is absorbed by the small and large intestines (step 3 in digestion) |
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Egestion |
Indigestible material and waste are passed to the rectum and released through the anus (last step in digestion) |
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The oral cavity |
Consists of mouth, teeth, pharynx, epiglottis, salivary glands, tongue, and esophagus |
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Mouth |
Consists of the cheeks, lips, vestibule, hard palate, soft palate |
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Teeth |
Primary agent of mechanical digestion in the mouth |
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Adult humans have _____ teeth |
32 |
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3 regions of the tooth |
The crown, the neck, the root |
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The hardest substance in the human body |
Enamel |
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Gums (gingiva) |
Tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth and associated tissues |
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Tonsils |
Act as a filter for foreign material in the mouth |
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Pharynx |
The muscle group that coordinates swallowing and controls the intersection between the digestive and respiratory system (contains epiglottis and eustachian tube). |
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Salivary glands |
Produce saliva which chemically breaks down starch into glucose, cleans the surfaces of the mouth, and lubricates food |
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3 salivary glands |
Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid |
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Tongue |
Primary organ of the oral cavity. Made up of two parts: the root and the body. |
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Where are papillae located? |
Covering the surface of the body of the tongue |
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Esophagus |
A long tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach. Uses peristalsis to move food down to the stomach. |
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What happens in swallowing? |
Stage 1: food is mechanically digested by teeth and tongue mixes food with saliva to form a bolus Stage 2: tongue passes bolus towards pharynx, pharynx forces tongue to press against the hard and soft palates Stage 3: pharynx closes the epiglottis which seals the trachea, movement of tongue triggers a wave of peristalsis along the pharynx and esophagus which carries bolus to stomach |
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Stomach |
An l-shaped organ of the abdominal cavity where digestion occurs. Divided into fundus, body, and pylorous |
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The bolus spends _____ hours in the stomach |
2-3 |
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Cardiac sphincter |
Controls the speed that food enters the stomach and prevents back flow of food into the esophagus |
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Mucosa |
Mucous membrane lining the body of the stomach (composed of gastric glands) |
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Parictal cells |
Produce hydrochloric acid |
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Epithelial cells |
Produce mucous that protects stomach lining from HCl |
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Chief cells |
Produce pepsinogen |
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Rennin |
Slows the movement of milk and separates into curds and whey |
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Rugae |
Ridges on the mucosa that food is dragged over when the stomach churns until it becomes liquid (chyme) |
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3 mechanisms work to stimulate the flow of gastric juices |
1. The thought, sight, smell, or taste of food 2. Food touching the stomach lining 3. The secretion of the hormone gastrin |
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Fundus |
Top 1/4 of the stomach that holds gases released during digestion |
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Pylorus |
Exit point of the stomach |
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Duodenum |
First segment of the small intestine and the second major site of digestion |
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Digestive juices active in the duodenum |
Pancreatic juice, bile, intestinal juice |
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Pancreatic juice contains |
Bicarbonate ions (neutralize acid in chyme), trypsinogen (breaks down large polypeptides into smaller ones), pancreatic amylase (breaks down starch into maltose), pancreatic lipase (breaks down fat molecules) |
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Bile |
Mechanically breaks down large fat molecules through emulsification |
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Intestinal juice contains |
Intestinal lipase (breaks down fat globules), erepsin (breaks down proteins), disaccharases ( breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides) |
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Small intestine |
Major organ of digestion and absorption |
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Parts of the small intestine |
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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Inner lining of the small intestine |
Mucosa |
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Functions of the movement of the small intestine |
Squeeze chyme through the intestine, mix chyme with digestive enzymes, break down food particules mechanically, speed up absorption by bringing chyme into contact with mucosa |
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No digestion occurs in the ___________ |
Large intestine |
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5 parts of large intestine |
Caecum (cecum), appendix, colon, rectum, anus |
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Feces |
The indigestible remains of the chyme |
Transported to the kidneys to be removed |
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Liver |
A two-lobed organ associated with digestion as well as filtration and storage |
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The liver receives its blood supply through the ___________ |
Hepatic artery |
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The liver produces |
Bile and stores it in the gall bladder |
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Urea |
Left over amino acids and toxic ammonia converted by the liver |
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The liver stores vitamins |
A, D, B12, and Iron |
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The liver actively removes |
Glucose from the blood |
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If glucose levels drop, |
The liver converts glycogen into glucose |
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