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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism |
Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions |
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Metabolic pathways |
A specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a specific product |
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Catabolic
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Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones
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Anabolic
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Energy is consumed to build complex molecules from simpler ones
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Energy
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The capacity to cause change
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Potential energy
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Energy that is not kinetic, matter possesses it because of its location or structure
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Kinetic energy
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The relative motion of objects |
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Chemical energy
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The potential energy, available for release in a chemical reaction
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Thermodynamics
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The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
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1st Law Of Thermodynamics
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Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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Energy that is transferred or transformed increases the entropy of the universe
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Enthalpy
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The total energy in a system
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Entropy
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The measure of disorder or randomness
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Gibb’s free energy
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The portion of the system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
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Exergonic reaction
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The energy is outward, Delta G is negative and energy is released
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Endergonic reaction
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The energy is inward, Delta G is positive and energy is stored
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Spontaneous reaction
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A reaction that decreases the system’s free energy
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Non-spontaneous reaction
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A reaction that increases the system’s free energy
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Enzymes
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Catalytic proteins made up of amino acids
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Equilibrium
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The maximum stability - If Delta G = 0
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Hydrolysis in ATP
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A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule, that undergoes a change that performs work
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Energy coupling
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Manages cell resources by using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one
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Phosphorylation
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The addition of a phosphate group to another molecule
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Catalyst
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A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
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Activation energy
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The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction (the energy required)
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Transition state
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The summit of a reaction, so breaking and making of bonds can begin
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Enzyme-substrate complex
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When an enzyme binds to its substrate (Lock and key)
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Induced fit
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Similar to a clasping handshake, when the chemical groups of active site are brought into positions to help them catalyze the chemical reaction
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Products
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The results of a reaction
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pH
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Level of acidity
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Temperature
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A measure of the intensity of heat
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Saturation
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When a product enters an active sit, and another substrate molecule enters
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Competitive inhibition
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Reversible inhibitors that resemble substrate molecules and compete for admission into active sites - reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
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Non-competitive inhibition
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Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme and causing the enzyme to change shape
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Allosteric regulation
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Any case in which a protein’s function at an active site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site-results in either stimulation oor inhibition of enzyme activity
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Feedback inhibition
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When ATP allosterically inhibits an enzyme in an ATP generated pathway-when a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme
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Cofactors
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Nonprotein component of enzymes
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Coenzymes
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An organic cofactor
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Homoeostasis
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The tendency of a system to maintain internal stability
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Energy budget
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Energy homeostasis
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Herbivores
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Animals that eat mainly plants and algae
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Carnivores
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Animals that eat other animals
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Omnivores
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Animals that consume animals and plants
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Calories
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2 units of energy
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Malnourished
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Animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients
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Undernourished
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The stores of glycogen and fat are used up, body begins breaking down its protein for fuel and muscles decrease
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Essential nutrients |
Necessary in animal’s diet, must be obtained in preassembled form - 4 classes are essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
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Ingestion
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First stage of digestion, act of eating
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Digestion
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Second stage of digestion, process of breaking down food into molecules
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Absorption
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Third stage, cells absorb small molecules like sugars and amino acids
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Elimination
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Fourth stage, undigested material passes out of digestive compartment
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Intracellular digestion
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Digestion in the cell
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Extracellular digestion
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Digestion out of the cell
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Peristalsis
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Rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in wall of alimentary canal, pushes food along tract
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Sphincters
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Close of tube like drawstrings, regulating the passage of material between chambers of alimentary canal
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Oral cavity
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Mouth, triggers nervous reflex that causes salivary glands to deliver saliva to it
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Pharynx
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A junction that opens to both the esophagus and the windpipe (trachea)
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Esophagus
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Conducts food from pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis
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Stomach
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Stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion
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Small intestine
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More than 6 m long, where enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and absorption of nutrients into blood occurs
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Large intestine
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Also known as the colon, connected to the small intestine at a T-shaped junction where a muscular valve controls movement of material
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Cecum
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One arm of the t-shaped junction at the large intestine, a pouch
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Appendix
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Finger-like extension in the cecum
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Liver
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Produces bile
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Pancreas
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Produces hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate
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Gall bladder
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Where bile is stored before releasing to the small intestine
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Duodenum
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First part of small intestine, receives partially digested food from the stomach and begins the absorption of nutrients
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Pepsinogen
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The inactive form of pepsin
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Pepsin
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An enzyme that begins hydrolysis of proteins by breaking peptide bonds next to amino acids
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Villi
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Large circular folds in the lining of the wall of the small intestine |
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Microvilli |
Muscular appendages exposed on the cells of villi
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Mucus
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A slippery secretion covering membranes
|
|
|
Bile
|
Mixture of substances stored in the gallbladder, aids in digestion and absorption of fats |
|
|
Metabolism
|
Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions
|
|
|
Metabolic pathways
|
A specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a specific product
|
|
|
Catabolic
|
Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones
|
|
|
Anabolic
|
Energy is consumed to build complex molecules from simpler ones
|
|
|
Energy
|
The capacity to cause change
|
|
|
Potential energy
|
Energy that is not kinetic, matter possesses it because of its location or structure
|
|
|
Kinetic energy
|
The relative motion of objects
|
|
|
Chemical energy
|
The potential energy, available for release in a chemical reaction
|
|
|
Thermodynamics
|
The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
|
|
|
1st Law Of Thermodynamics
|
Energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed
|
|
|
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
|
Energy that is transferred or transformed increases the entropy of the universe
|
|
|
Enthalpy
|
The total energy in a system
|
|
|
Entropy
|
The measure of disorder or randomness
|
|
|
Gibb’s free energy
|
The portion of the system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
|
|
|
Exergonic reaction
|
The energy is outward, Delta G is negative and energy is released
|
|
|
Endergonic reaction
|
The energy is inward, Delta G is positive and energy is stored
|
|
|
Spontaneous reaction
|
A reaction that decreases the system’s free energy
|
|
|
Non-spontaneous reaction
|
A reaction that increases the system’s free energy
|
|
|
Enzymes
|
Catalytic proteins made up of amino acids
|
|
|
Equilibrium
|
The maximum stability - If Delta G = 0
|
|
|
Hydrolysis in ATP
|
A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule, that undergoes a change that performs work
|
|
|
Energy coupling
|
Manages cell resources by using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one
|
|
|
Phosphorylation
|
The addition of a phosphate group to another molecule
|
|
|
Catalyst
|
A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
|
|
|
Activation energy
|
The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction (the energy required)
|
|
|
Transition state
|
The summit of a reaction, so breaking and making of bonds can begin
|
|
|
Enzyme-substrate complex
|
When an enzyme binds to its substrate (Lock and key)
|
|
|
Induced fit
|
Similar to a clasping handshake, when the chemical groups of active site are brought into positions to help them catalyze the chemical reaction
|
|
|
Products
|
The results of a reaction
|
|
|
pH
|
Level of acidity
|
|
|
Temperature
|
A measure of the intensity of heat
|
|
|
Saturation
|
When a product enters an active sit, and another substrate molecule enters
|
|
|
Competitive inhibition
|
Reversible inhibitors that resemble substrate molecules and compete for admission into active sites - reduce productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites
|
|
|
Non-competitive inhibition
|
Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme and causing the enzyme to change shape
|
|
|
Allosteric regulation
|
Any case in which a protein’s function at an active site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site-results in either stimulation oor inhibition of enzyme activity
|
|
|
Feedback inhibition
|
When ATP allosterically inhibits an enzyme in an ATP generated pathway-when a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme
|
|
|
Cofactors
|
Nonprotein component of enzymes
|
|
|
Coenzymes
|
An organic cofactor
|
|
|
Homoeostasis
|
The tendency of a system to maintain internal stability
|
|
|
Energy budget
|
Energy homeostasis
|
|
|
Herbivores
|
Animals that eat mainly plants and algae
|
|
|
Carnivores
|
Animals that eat other animals
|
|
|
Omnivores
|
Animals that consume animals and plants
|
|
|
Calories
|
2 units of energy
|
|
|
Malnourished
|
Animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients
|
|
|
Undernourished
|
The stores of glycogen and fat are used up, body begins breaking down its protein for fuel and muscles decrease
|
|
|
Essential nutrients
|
Necessary in animal’s diet, must be obtained in preassembled form - 4 classes are essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals
|
|
|
Ingestion
|
First stage of digestion, act of eating
|
|
|
Digestion
|
Second stage of digestion, process of breaking down food into molecules
|
|
|
Absorption
|
Third stage, cells absorb small molecules like sugars and amino acids
|
|
|
Elimination
|
Fourth stage, undigested material passes out of digestive compartment
|
|
|
Intracellular digestion
|
Digestion in the cell
|
|
|
Extracellular digestion
|
Digestion out of the cell
|
|
|
Peristalsis
|
Rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth muscles in wall of alimentary canal, pushes food along tract
|
|
|
Sphincters
|
Close of tube like drawstrings, regulating the passage of material between chambers of alimentary canal
|
|
|
Oral cavity
|
Mouth, triggers nervous reflex that causes salivary glands to deliver saliva to it
|
|
|
Pharynx
|
A junction that opens to both the esophagus and the windpipe (trachea)
|
|
|
Esophagus
|
Conducts food from pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis
|
|
|
Stomach
|
Stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion
|
|
|
Small intestine
|
More than 6 m long, where enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and absorption of nutrients into blood occurs
|
|
|
Large intestine
|
Also known as the colon, connected to the small intestine at a T-shaped junction where a muscular valve controls movement of material
|
|
|
Cecum
|
One arm of the t-shaped junction at the large intestine, a pouch
|
|
|
Appendix
|
Finger-like extension in the cecum
|
|
|
Liver
|
Produces bile
|
|
|
Pancreas
|
Produces hydrolytic enzymes and an alkaline solution rich in bicarbonate
|
|
|
Gall bladder
|
Where bile is stored before releasing to the small intestine
|
|
|
Duodenum
|
First part of small intestine, receives partially digested food from the stomach and begins the absorption of nutrients
|
|
|
Pepsinogen
|
The inactive form of pepsin
|
|
|
Pepsin
|
An enzyme that begins hydrolysis of proteins by breaking peptide bonds next to amino acids
|
|
|
Villi
|
Large circular folds in the lining of the wall of the small intestine
|
|
|
Microvilli
|
Muscular appendages exposed on the cells of villi
|
|
|
Mucus
|
A slippery secretion covering membranes
|
|
|
Bile
|
Mixture of substances stored in the gallbladder, aids in digestion and absorption of fats |
