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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a ruminant?
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An animal with 4 complete stomach compartments that regurgitates undigested food from the rumen and masticates it at rest
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What are the 3 forestomachs?
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Rumen
Reticulum Omasum |
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What is the true glandular stomach?
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Abomasum
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What does the process of rumination involve?
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Regurgitation
Mastication Ensalivation Reswallowing |
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Why does a ruminant need to ruminate?
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The plant material it ingests has low digestibility (high in fibre) which cannot effectively be broken down by animal itself
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What is the rumen capacity of an adult dairy cow?
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>80 litres
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Where does the rumen extend to cranially and caudally?
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Cranially - 8th rib at cardia
Caudally - pelvic brim |
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What is the structure and function of the internal rumen?
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Covered in papilla, "carpet-like"
Increases surface area for fermentation and some absorption Also storage and mechanical breakdown of food |
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What type of epithelium is found in the rumen?
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Stratified squamous
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Where is the reticulum found?
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Cranial to rumen, caudal to diaphragm
Between 6-9th intercostal space |
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What is traumatic reticulitis?
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Pieces of wire/objects are stuck near reticular wall causing abscesses near diaphragm, heat, pericardium (pericarditis)
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What is the structure and function of the internal reticulum?
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Covered in honeycomb papillae
Sorts food for further mastication or digestion |
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What type of epithelium is found in the reticulum?
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Stratified squamous
- protection and absorption |
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Is the omasum firmly attached to anything?
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Yes:
rumen, reticulum and abomasum |
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On which side of the abdomen is the omasum found?
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RHS
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What is the structure and function of the omasum?
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Internal laminae "bible pages"
Absorption of water, fatty acids, electrolytes, fermentation, regulation of flow into abomasum |
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What type of epithelium is found in the omasum?
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Stratified squamous
with muscular mucosa for squeezing water and electrolytes |
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Where is the abomasum located in the body?
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Ventral, slightly on RHS
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What is the pH of the abomasum in ruminants?
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2-3
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What is the structure and function of the internal abomasum?
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple branched tubular glands Enzymatic digestion of proteins |
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What is the gastric groove divided into in the ruminant?
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Reticular groove
Omasal groove Abomasal groove |
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Which side of the reticulum does the reticular groove travel down?
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RHS
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What is contraction of the reticular groove stimulated by?
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Suckling reflex
Presentation of milk Chemicals in adults (e.g. copper sulphate) |
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By what age is the rumen larger than the abomasum?
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2 months
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When is the rumen fully developed?
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6-12 months
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What happens if milk in unweaned animals stays in the rumen instead of the abomasum?
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It curdles and goes off
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What happens if you stomach tube a ruminant too far?
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You will go past the reticular groove, thereby not stimulating it to contract and milk will go into the rumen instead of the abomasum
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What is the jejunum suspended from the roof of the abdomen by?
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Common dorsal mesentery
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Which part of the duodenum is connected to the small colon and by what is it connected?
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Ascending duodenum
Duodenocolic fold |
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How is the ileum connected to the caecum?
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Ileocaecal fold
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Which way do the centripetal and centrifugal coils go?
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Centripetal - towards centre
Centrifugal - away from centre |
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Where does the lesser omentum go to and from?
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From liver
To omasum and lesser curvature of abomasum |
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Where does the greater omentum go to and from?
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Deep - right longitudinal groove to duodenum
Superficial - greater curvature of abomasum and duodenum to left longitudinal wall |
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Left lateral view of exterior rumen
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1 - rumenoreticular groove
2 - oesophagus 3 - cranial groove 4 - left longitudinal groove 5 - left ventral coronary groove 6 - left dorsal coronary groove 7 - left accessory groove |
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Right lateral view of exterior rumen
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1 - right dorsal coronary groove
2 - right ventral coronary groove 3 - right longitudinal groove 4 - oesophagus 5 - right accessory groove |
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Left lateral view of internal rumen
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1 - oesophagus
2 - reticular groove 3 - rumenoreticular fold 4 - cranial pillar 5 - right longitudinal pillar 6 - right ventral coronary pillar 7 - caudoventral blind sac 8 - caudal pillar 9 - caudodorsal blind sac 10 - right dorsal coronary pillar |
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Greater omentum
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1 - peritoneum of dorsal sac
2 - omental bursa 3 - omental recess 4 - superficial part of greater omentum 5 - jejunum 6 - deep part of greater omentum 7 - duodenum 8 - mesoduodenum |
