Digestion

Front 1

Primary function of digestive system

Back 1

Transfer nutrients, water, and electrolytes from ingested food into body’s internal environment

Front 2

Why do you chew

Back 2

increase surface area for digestive enzymes to work

Front 3

start breaking down ___ in the mouth

Back 3

carbohydrates

Front 4

what gets digested in the stomach?

Back 4

protein

Front 5

what gets secreted in the stomach? (enzyme

Back 5

pepsin

Front 6

What does analayce break down?

Back 6

carbohydrates

Front 7

Bile comes from where? which is attached to what?

Back 7

gall bladder, liver

Front 8

what is bile for?

Back 8

emulsifying fat

Front 9

what happens in small intestine

Back 9

nutrient absorption

Front 10

what is in large intestine in high abundance?

Back 10

bacteria

Front 11

what can we not digest?

Back 11

fiber

Front 12

what are the four functions

Back 12

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

Front 13

In the stomach what ions are being secreted?

Back 13

H+, HCl

Front 14

In the small intestine, what ions are being secreted?

Back 14

bicarbonate

Front 15

Biochemical breakdown of structurally complex foodstuffs into smaller, absorbable units

Back 15

digestion

Front 16

we only absorb ____ we can't absorb ____

Back 16

monosaccharides, disaccharides

Front 17

carbohydrates are being broken down into

Back 17

monosaccharides

Front 18

proteins are being broken down into

Back 18

di and tripeptides and amino acids

Front 19

Fats are being broken down into

Back 19

glycerol and fatty acids

Front 20

____ is bringing something from the external body environment (the lumen) into the internal body environment (blood stream)

Back 20

reabsorption

Front 21

fat is/is not water soluable

Back 21

is NOT

Front 22

shared passageway between the respiratory and gi tract?

Back 22

pharynx

Front 23

pathway of food:

Back 23

mouth->pharynx->esophagus->stomach->small intestine->large intestine->rectum->anus

Front 24

accessory glands

Back 24

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

Front 25

what does liver do?

Back 25

making bile for emulsification of fat

Front 26

what does gall bladder do?

Back 26

storing bile

Front 27

what does the pancreas do?

Back 27

making digestive enzymes and secreting them (bicarbonate, insulin, glucagon)

Front 28

Four major tissue layers from the lumen to the internal body compartment

Back 28

mucosa (inner), submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (outer)

Front 29

which tissue layer holds blood vessels and nerves and immune tissue

Back 29

submucosa

Front 30

which tissue layer lines the lumen

Back 30

mucosa

Front 31

which layer has smooth muscle

Back 31

muscularis externa

Front 32

connective tissue that hangs GI tract in abdominal cavity

Back 32

serosa

Front 33

what covers the glottis when you swallow so that what your swallowing goes into GI

Back 33

epiglottis

Front 34

what prevents air from entering GI when breathing

Back 34

Upper esophageal sphincter

Front 35

Forms roof of oral cavity & separates mouth from nasal passages)

Back 35

palate

Front 36

seals off nasal passages during swallowing)

Back 36

uvula

Front 37

Forms floor of oral cavity

Back 37

tongue

Front 38

first step in digestive process

Back 38

chewing

Front 39

saliva is produced by

Back 39

3 major pairs of salivary glands

Front 40

what is saliva made of?

Back 40

99.5% h2O, .5% electrolytes and protein

Front 41

Function of saliva

Back 41

Salivary amylase begins digestion of carbohydrates, facilitate swallowing, lubrication, antibacterial, stimulate taste bunds, speech, cleanliness, bicarbonate buffers

Front 42

steps in swallowing reflex

Back 42

food hits back of mouth, glottis moves upward and closes and the epiglottis covers it and seals respiratory, upper esophageal sphincter opens, upper esophageal sphincter closes, lower esophageal sphincter opens, food enters stomach

Front 43

Upper 1/3 esophagus is made of

Back 43

skeletal muscle

Front 44

upper esophageal sphincter is between

Back 44

pharynx and esophagus

Front 45

lower esophageal sphincter is between

Back 45

esophagus and stomach

Front 46

heartburn is caused by

Back 46

lower esophageal sphincter is open and allowing stomach acid to enter esophagus. Referred to heart burn because the pain receptors are the same as the ones over your heart

Front 47

J-shaped sac-like chamber lying between esophagus and small intestine

Back 47

Stomach

Front 48

Stomach in what 3 sections

Back 48

fundus, body, antrum

Front 49

three main functions of stomach

Back 49

store food, secretes HCl & enzymes that begin protein digestion, mixing movements

Front 50

pyloric sphincter

Back 50

serves as barrier between stomach and small intestine (needs to be neutralized before entering small intestin)

Front 51

what are the gastric secretory products

Back 51

pepsinogen, hydrogen ions, intrinsic factor, gastrin, mucus

Front 52

Precursor for pepsin, enzyme that digests proteins

Back 52

pepsinogen (by chief cells)

Front 53

Maintain acidic environment of stomach

Back 53

hydrogen ions (by parietal cells)

Front 54

Necessary for absorption of vitamin B12

Back 54

intrinsic factor (by parietal cells)

Front 55

Site where most digestion and absorption take place

Back 55

Small Intestine (specific duodenum)

Front 56

3 segments of small intestine

Back 56

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 57

what converts trypsinogen to trypsin

Back 57

enterokinase

Front 58

what converts disaccharides to monosaccharides

Back 58

disaccharidases

Front 59

what converts peptides to amino acides

Back 59

aminopeptidases

Front 60

apical membrane in epithelial cells in small intestine is also called

Back 60

brush border

Front 61

what are attached to epithelial cells in small intestine

Back 61

enzymes

Front 62

what is the benefit of keeping enzymes on brush border?

Back 62

you don't have to keep making them

Front 63

pancreas releases _____ and _____ in order to neutralize ____ in stomach.

Back 63

digestive enzymes, bicarbonate, acid

Front 64

gall bladder releases ____ into the ____ ____

Back 64

bile, duodenum

Front 65

what does bile break down?

Back 65

lipids

Front 66

what gets digested in the small intestine

Back 66

carbs, proteins and fats

Front 67

what digests fat in the small intestine

Back 67

pancreatic lipase

Front 68

what doesn't get absorbed or digested in small intestine?

Back 68

fiber

Front 69

most absorption occurs where?

Back 69

duodenum and jejunum

Front 70

mucosa is specialized with ___ which are ____ the ___ ___

Back 70

villi, increasing, surface area

Front 71

Lacteal is important in the digestion and reabsorption of what

Back 71

fat

Front 72

What is the typical diet for carbs

Back 72

250-800

Front 73

where is glycogen from?

Back 73

meat

Front 74

where is starch from?

Back 74

plants

Front 75

sucrose is? lactose is? maltose is from?

Back 75

table sugar, milk sugar, fermented things

Front 76

cellulose is ___? it ____ be digested

Back 76

fiber, cannot

Front 77

are disaccharides or polysaccharides absorbed?

Back 77

no, only monosaccharides

Front 78

what breaks down starch? what do they break down to?

Back 78

salivary or pancreatic amylase, limit dextrins or maltose

Front 79

what enzyme breaks down the following: limit dextrins? polysaccharides? sucrose? lactose? maltose? Where are these enzymes located?

Back 79

dextrinase, glucoamylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase, brush border of SI

Front 80

glucose and galactose absorbed by

Back 80

2nd active transport across apical, facilitated across basolateral

Front 81

fructose absorbed by

Back 81

facilitated across both membranes

Front 82

Describe secondary active transport

Back 82

sodium pulls molecule (glucose for example) across apical membrane and Na/K pumps sodium out again.

Front 83

What is the primary active transporter

Back 83

Na/K pump

Front 84

does glucose use energy to get out of the cell?

Back 84

no, but it does need a transporter. (down its concentration gradient)

Front 85

What is the typical diet for protein per day?

Back 85

125 grams/day

Front 86

what are protein secreted into gi tract

Back 86

enzymes

Front 87

protein sources in the small intestine

Back 87

diet, secreted, sloughed off cells

Front 88

endogenous

Back 88

consumed from inside body (enzymes and cell)

Front 89

exogenous

Back 89

consumed from outside body

Front 90

What type of protein can we absorb?

Back 90

amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides

Front 91

what enzyme breaks down protein? what is the inactive form of this? what activates it?

Back 91

pepsin, pepsinogen, acid

Front 92

where is protein digestion finished

Back 92

small intestine

Front 93

pacreatic proteases

Back 93

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase

Front 94

brush border proteases

Back 94

aninopeptidase, enterokinase

Front 95

amino acids are absorbed

Back 95

secondary active across apical, facilitated across basolateral

Front 96

di and tripeptides are absorbed

Back 96

active across apical (by aminopeptidases), broken down in cell, amino acids cross basolateral by facilitated diffusion

Front 97

Typical diet for lipids

Back 97

25-160 grams lipids

Front 98

enzyme of lipid digestion

Back 98

lipases

Front 99

where is lipases secreted from

Back 99

pancreas

Front 100

___ ___ increase surface area by emulsification

Back 100

bile salts

Front 101

bile salts are synthesized in ____ from ____

Back 101

liver, cholesterol

Front 102

main function of bile salts

Back 102

emulsify fat to allow lipases to digest fat

Front 103

where do lipids end up (because they can't get into blood)

Back 103

lymph system

Front 104

what are the accessory organs

Back 104

pancreas, liver, salivary glands, gall bladder

Front 105

elongated gland located behind and below the stomach

Back 105

pancreas

Front 106

in the exocrine function, what does the pancreas secrete

Back 106

pancreatic juice consisting of pancreatic enzymes

Front 107

name enzymes pancreas secretes

Back 107

chymotripsinogen, tripsinogen, procarboxypepsidase, pancreatic amylase (carbs), lipase (lipids), alkaline secretion (bicarbonate)

Front 108

Largest and most important metabolic organ in the body

Back 108

Liver

Front 109

colon and small intestine are connected to the liver via

Back 109

hepatic portal vein

Front 110

what does bile consist of?

Back 110

bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bilirubin

Front 111

drying and storage organ

Back 111

large intestine

Front 112

large intestine receives

Back 112

indigestible food residues, unabsorbd biliary components, remaining fluid

Front 113

what is your internal work

Back 113

basal metabolic rate (minimum energy to keep resting body alive)

Front 114

what is external work

Back 114

muscle contraction (exercise)

Front 115

energy output =

Back 115

work performed + heat released

Front 116

balance

Back 116

energy input = energy output

Front 117

positive balance

Back 117

energy intake > energy output (stored as fat)

Front 118

negative balance

Back 118

energy intake < energy output (obtain energy from stores)

Front 119

in the absorption state, you will ___ or ___ all 3 micronutrients

Back 119

burn or store

Front 120

How do we store carbohydrates?

Back 120

glycogen (we don't store this as much, instead store as fat)

Front 121

Nutrients in bloodstream plentiful from absorption

Back 121

absorptive state (3-4 hours following meals)

Front 122

mobilizing energy stores

Back 122

postabsorptive (between meals)

Front 123

excess nutrients will be ___, liver and muscle store ____, adipose tissue stores ____

Back 123

stored, glycogen, triglycerides

Front 124

where is glycogen stored?

Back 124

skeletal muscle and liver

Front 125

where are triglycerides stored

Back 125

adipose tissue

Front 126

why would we rather store glucose as triglyceride than glycogen?

Back 126

because triglycerides don't involve water and is thus easier (lighter) to store

Front 127

what is the hormone of the absorptive state?

Back 127

insulin

Front 128

what is the hormone of the postabsorptive state?

Back 128

glucagon

Front 129

Promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules (anabolic reactions)

Back 129

insulin

Front 130

insulin increased due to

Back 130

increase glucose, increase amino acids, parasympathetic, GIP

Front 131

insulin decreased due to

Back 131

sympathetic, decrease glucose

Front 132

insulin promotes ____ and decreases _____

Back 132

synthesis, breakdown

Front 133

Promotes breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions)

Back 133

glucagon

Front 134

glucagon increased due to

Back 134

sympathetic, decrease in glucose

Front 135

glucagon decreased due to

Back 135

increase glucose in plasma

Front 136

glucagon promotes ____ and decreases ____

Back 136

breakdown, synthesis

Front 137

hyperglycemia > ?

Back 137

140

Front 138

hypoglycermia < ?

Back 138

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