Digestion

Front 1

Absorption

Back 1

Small molecules going from the alimentary canal into the blood stream

Front 2

Chemical digestion involves:

Back 2

Macromolecules being broken down into basic nutrients (lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, sugars...)

Front 3

Glands

Back 3

Organs that secrete a substance into the blood stream or body cavity

Front 4

EXOCRINE glands

Back 4

they secrete substance into a DUCT, then transferred into some cavity

Front 5

salivary glands transport ___ through ____ to ____ ______

Back 5

saliva
ducts
oral cavity

Front 6

where is secretion of saliva controlled?

Back 6

nervous system

Front 7

Saliva contains...(4)

Back 7

1. MUCIN
2. Buffers
3. ANTIBACTERIAL agents
4. Salivary AMYLASE

Front 8

Juncture between esophagus and stomach?

Back 8

cardiac orifice

Front 9

Chyme passes into small intestine through...

Back 9

pryloric sphincter

Front 10

Stomach continues chemical digestion by....

Back 10

secreting gastric juice

Front 11

3 types of cells in GASTRIC PITS

Back 11

1. Chief cells
2. Parietal ccells
3. Mucus cells

Front 12

Chief cells secrete...

Back 12

PEPSINOGEN

Front 13

Parietal cells secrete...

Back 13

HCl

Front 14

Mucus cells secrete...

Back 14

mucus which protects lining of stomach from acid and pepsin.

Front 15

low pH of gastric juice DENATURES...

Back 15

proteins in food

Front 16

Pepsin cleaves...

Back 16

proteins at specific amino acids

Front 17

What occurs in small intestine?

Back 17

enzymatic hydrolysis of food
absorption of food

Front 18

First 25 cm of small intestine is the...

Back 18

DUODENUM

Front 19

Function of duodenum? (2)

Back 19

1. chemical digestion of chyme
2. ducts from gall bladder, liver, pancreas empty into here

Front 20

Enzymes in pancreatic juice that break down proteins (2)

Back 20

Trypsinogen (trypsin)
Chymotrypsinogen (chymotrypsin)

Front 21

Enzyme in pancreatic juice that break PEPTIDE bonds..

Back 21

Carboxypeptidase

Front 22

Enzyme in p.juice that break down lipids

Back 22

Pancreatic LIPASE

Front 23

Enzyme in p.juice tat break down starch&glycogen...

Back 23

Pancreatic amylase

Front 24

Liver cells are called...

Back 24

HEPATOCYTES

Front 25

Hepatic portal vein carries....from....into the liver

Back 25

DEoxygenated blood,
stomach or intestines

Front 26

Hepatic artery carries....from...into the liver

Back 26

OXYgenated blood
heart via aorta

Front 27

Branches of hepatic PORTAL VEIN are...?

Back 27

SINUSOIDS

Front 28

function of sinusoids?

Back 28

like capillaries but leakier&looser, giving blood more ACCESS TO HEPATOCYTES

Front 29

Hepatocytes characterized by...(4)

Back 29

1. Excess rough (synthesize proteins) &smooth (synthesize fattyacids) ER
2. more free ribosomes
3. more mitochondria
4. binucleate (divide very often, mass numbers)

Front 30

Liver performs catabolism and anabolism depending on...

Back 30

influece of hormones

Front 31

Catabolism means...

Back 31

metabolic pathways that BREAK macromolecules --> basic blocks

Front 32

Anabolism means...

Back 32

metabolic pathways that BUILD macromolecules from basic blocks

Front 33

Gluconeogenesis is...?

Back 33

a highly endergonic metabolic pathway that hepatocyes will enter during starvation

Front 34

What happens when blood glucose level is too high in liver?

Back 34

INSULIN stimulates hepatocytes to absorb glucose from bloodstream and anabolizes glucose into glycogen

Front 35

What happens when blood glucose level is too low in liver?

Back 35

Glucagon stimulates hepatocytes to catabolize stored glycogen into glucose

Front 36

Why are nutrients stored in liver?

Back 36

so their concentrations can be carefully regulated in bloodstream (maintaining homeostasis)

Front 37

What nutrients are stored in liver? (4)

Back 37

1. Iron
2. Vitamin A (for proper functioning eyes)
3. Vitamin D (absorb Ca&P from intestines)
4. Carbohydrates (maintain homeostasis by secreting glucose)

Front 38

Hepatocytes remove ____ from bloodstream

Back 38

TOXINS (detoxification)

Front 39

Common example of hepatocytes detoxifying bloodstream?

Back 39

Ethanol
- alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol into acetaldehyde.
- acetaldehyde dehydrogenase breaks down acetaldehyde into acetic acid

Front 40

Why is the liver at a higher risk of becoming diseased?

Back 40

B/c hepatocyes are responsible for absorbing toxins from the blood (easier to get excess toxins)

Front 41

What consumes dead erythrocytes?

Back 41

phagocytic KUPFFER cells (they line the sinusoids of liver)

Front 42

What does kupffer cells do to the dead erythrocytes?

Back 42

splits hemoglobin into 2 parts (Globin & heme group)

Front 43

what happens to the GLOBIN?

Back 43

hydrolyzed int amino acids and released back into blood

Front 44

what happens to the heme group?

Back 44

- iron removed and absorbed by bones to make new red blood cells

-leaving bile pigment for bile production in liver

Front 45

Role of bile?

Back 45

Lipid digestion
- emulsify fats making them easier for lipase in duodenum to digest

Front 46

how will removal of gall bladder affect food consumption?

Back 46

gallbladder stores bile, thus can't break down LIPIDS!

Front 47

Jejunum's position and pH level

Back 47

middle portion of small intestine
pH of 7.5

Front 48

function of villi

Back 48

increase the surface area over which food is absorbed

Front 49

How are nutrients absorbed in the jejunum?

Back 49

active and passive transport through the thin layer of EPITHELIUM coating the villi

Front 50

Function of MICROVILLI?

Back 50

protrusions on surface of epithelium cells which increase surface area to allow simple&facilitated diffusion

Front 51

Function of mitochondria?

Back 51

Provide ATP needed for active transport

Front 52

Function of LACTEAL?

Back 52

A branch of the lymphatic system in center of villi that carries away FATS after absorption

Front 53

function of pinocytotic vesicles?

Back 53

for the frequent pinocytosis of chyme in the intestine

Front 54

function of TIGHT JUNCTIONS?

Back 54

Connections btwn epithelial cells to prevent nutrients to pass along epithelium b/c nutrients must enter one end and exit th other into capillaries or lacteals

Front 55

position and function of ILEUM

Back 55

final ~3m of small intestine, absorbs bile salts &others that can't be absorbed in jejunum

Front 56

function of membrane bound enzymes on surface of epithelial cells...

Back 56

completes digestion

Front 57

how does ileum connect to large intestine?

Back 57

via the CECUM

Front 58

the large intestine is aka..

Back 58

COLON

Front 59

major function of large intestine?

Back 59

to absorb water

Front 60

where is the water absorbed from?

Back 60

through the feces (wastes of digestive tract)

Front 61

Name and function of bacteria in large intestine...

Back 61

intestinal flora
digest wastes not digested in stomach&duodenum

Front 62

how are digestive juices secreted into the alimentary canal?

Back 62

GLANDS (salivary, gastric glands in stomach, pancreas, wall of small intestine)

Front 63

what's H.Pylori?

Back 63

an acid-tolerant bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach

Front 64

Facilitated diffusion in ileum...

Back 64

Hydrophilic food substances at a low concentration can be absorbed by fac.diff. also b/c there is a steep enough concentration gradient

Front 65

Active transport in ileum

Back 65

Channel proteins help hydrophilic substances pass through hydrophobic centre of membrane

Front 66

Endocytosis in ileum

Back 66

Pinocytic vesicles are formed by endocytosis and thus they have channels and pumps for fac.diff&active transp.

Front 67

Simple diffusion in ileum

Back 67

Lipids, and others can pass easily through the hydrophobic centre of epithelial membrane

Front 68

Where are digestive exocrine glands? (secrete__into ____)

Back 68

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver

Front 69

Gastrin is a ____ _____

Back 69

peptide hormone

Front 70

Chief cell secretion of gastrin causes secretion of ____ by parietal cells. this is a _____ feedback loop.

Back 70

HCl; positive

Front 71

Gastrin is suppressed when pH of stomach is too ____.

Back 71

LOW

Front 72

CKK released by ____, stimulates ____ in gallbladder into duodenum and also ______ enzymes.

Back 72

DUODENUM; BILE; PANCREATIC

Front 73

GIP released by _____, causes reduction in _____.

Back 73

duodenum; peristalsis

Front 74

GIP slows rate that _____ enters duodenum.

Back 74

CHYME

Front 75

GIP stimulates release of ____ (causes cells to absorb ____ from blood) and release of _________ _____, aiding fats digestion.

Back 75

insulin; glucose
lipoprotein lipase

Front 76

SECRETIN released in ____ some in ____ .

Back 76

duodenum, jejunum

Front 77

SECRETIN stimulates ____ to produce bicarbonate (increases pH of ____ from stomach).

Back 77

pancreas; chyme

Front 78

SECRETIN stimulates liver to produce ____.

Back 78

BILE

Front 79

INSULIN ____ blood glucose by stimulating cells to ____ glucose and by reducing glycogen ____ in liver.

Back 79

lowers; absorb; catabolism

Front 80

GLUCAGON ____ blood glucose levels by increasing glycogen ____ in liver and releases glucose from ____ into blood.

Back 80

increases; catabolism; cells

Front 81

effects of alcohol (3)

Back 81

FATTY LIVER
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Cirrhosis (scar tissues take over)