Differential Diagnosis - Endocrine System - 5/10/2011

Front 1

Exocrine Gland

Back 1

Ducts that carry substances to a specific component

Front 2

Endocrine Glands

Back 2

No ducts, hormones secreted into extracellular spaces

Front 3

Hormones produced in these structures outside of endocrine glands?

Back 3

- Heart
- Straited muscle
- Skin adipose
- Duodenum
- Stomach

Front 4

Gastrin activates release of ___ and inhibits release of ____

Back 4

Activates HCL
Inhibits Entergastrin

Front 5

Hormones influence target cells in these 4 ways?

Back 5

1) Changes rate on intracellular and protein synthesis
2) Changes rate of enzyme activity
3) Change plasma membrane transport
4) Induce secretory activity in the target cell

Front 6

What can influence the hormone level its self?

Back 6

1) Quantity synthesized in host organ?
2) Rate of catabolism or secretion into the blood
3) Quantity of transport proteins
4) Changes in plasma volume

Front 7

What 3 things stimulate endocrine activity?

Back 7

1) Hormonal
2) Humeral
3) Plasma volume

Front 8

Describe the neural stimulation of the endocrine system?

Back 8

Activates adrenal medulla by sympathetic neurons during a stress response

Front 9

Interface of the endocrine and nervous system?

Back 9

hypothalamic-pituitary interface

Front 10

The hypothalamic-pituitary interface is controlled by which two stimulation pathways?

Back 10

neural and hormonal

Front 11

Neural stimualtion causes the posterior pituitary to release:

Back 11

1) ADH
2) Oxytocin

Front 12

6 hormones released by the hypothalamus?

Back 12

1) ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
2) TSH = thyoid stimulating hormone
3) GH = Growth hormone
4) PL = Placenta Lactogen
5) FSH = Follicle stimulating hormone
6) LH = Leutenizing hormone

Front 13

These two chemicals are increased in the endocrine system as a result of stress

Back 13

1) Catecholamines
2) Cortisol

Front 14

Cortisol is important in regulating....

Back 14

- Proteins
- Carbs
- Lipids

Front 15

Increase of catecholamines --> ?

Back 15

1) Increased HR
2) Increased Inotropy
3) Constriction of peripheral BV
4) Elevates blood glucose and lipids through catabolism of fats

Front 16

4 pathophysiologic responses to increased Cortisol?

Back 16

1) Increased blood glucose and lipids
2) Increased ketone bodies d/t decreased insulin production
3) Immunosuppression
4) Anti-inflammatory effects

Front 17

Neuro-endocrine theory of aging?

Back 17

We age b/c our body is unable to produce the same amount of hormones

Front 18

Pituitary gland decreases 75% by the time one is __ yo

Back 18

85

Front 19

Thyroid is responsible for these two primary roles

Back 19

Metabolism
Body Temperature

Front 20

Endocrine changes seen with menopause?

Back 20

Increase in GH
Increase in body fat
Decrease in bone mass
Decrease in protein synthesis

Front 21

Diabetes Incipitus?

Back 21

A loss of anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 22

Primary type of DI is?

Back 22

Idiopathic

Front 23

Secondary causes of DI are?

Back 23

1) Trauma
2) Neoplam
3) Infection

Front 24

Symptoms of DI?

Back 24

Excessive voiding and thirst

Front 25

Signs of DI?

Back 25

1) Dehydration
2) Constipation
3) mm. weakness
4) Dizziness
5) Hypotension

Front 26

SIADH?

Back 26

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

Front 27

Causes of SIADH?

Back 27

1) Damage to pituitary
2) Head injury
3) Infection
4) Neoplasms
5) Response to stress from surgery
6) Response to systemic disorders (Guillain-Barre)

Front 28

Pathology of SIADH?

Back 28

Retention of Na in body --> Decreased urine output --> excess distribution of water within body cells --> water intoxication

Front 29

Acromegaly/Giantism?

Back 29

Overgrowth of long bones, increased bone thickness, hypertrophy of soft tissue

Front 30

Underlying causes of acromegaly/giantism?

Back 30

growth secreting adenoma on the anterior pituitary

Front 31

Agromegaly occurs most often in adults how old?

Back 31

30-50yo

Front 32

Bones most affected by Acromegaly?

Back 32

Face, Jaw, Hands and Feet

Front 33

Treament of Acromegaly?

Back 33

Radiation, surgery, chemo to decrease size of adenoma and inhibit GH

Front 34

Orthopedic complains of acromegaly patients?

Back 34

arthritis of hands
Osteoporosis of hands

Front 35

Cushing's Disease?

Back 35

d/t over secretion of ACTH

Front 36

Clinical manifestations of Cushing's Disease?

Back 36

Hyperglycemia
Loss of muscle and bone protein
Retention of water and Na --> HTN

Front 37

Grave's Disease

Back 37

An auto immune disorder; Increased secretion of thyrotropin

Front 38

Increase thryotropin --> ?

Back 38

Increased BMR --> wt. loss, irregular HR, heart disease

Front 39

Panhypopituitaryism --> ?

Back 39

Dwarfism

Front 40

Dwarfism is a result of

Back 40

1) Non secreting tumor of the pituitary
2) GH insuffeciency
3) Post-partum hemorrhage
4) Certain function disorders: anorexia, severe anemia, GI tract d/os

Front 41

S&Sx of dwarfism

Back 41

Short stature, delayed growth, delayed puberty, hypothryoidism, sexual and reproductive d/os

Front 42

How much of the pituitary must be affected before the patient starts presenting with S&Sx?

Back 42

75%