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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many children die yearly from recurrent, chronic, infantile diarrhea?
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4.6 million children globally
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How do you treat an infant with intractable diarrhea of infancy (IDI)?
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enteral therapy with a lactose-free, sucrose-free, medium-chain triglyceride formula often allows recovery. If enteral therapy fails, parenteral nutrition becomes necessary and curative.
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What is the average duration of diarrhea from Rotavirus?
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6 days
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What is the average duration of diarrhea from enteric adenoviruses?
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11 days
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What is the average duration of diarrhea from astrovirus?
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5 days
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What is the average duration of diarrhea from torovirus?
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fewer than 5 days
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What is the average duration of diarrhea from Norwalk-like agents?
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2 days
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In whom may rotavirus or astrovirus infection continue for months?
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in children who have defects in T-cell function such as DiGeorge syndrome, cartilage-hair hypoplasia syndrome
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How long do bacterial diarrheas last?
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average 14 d
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From where does aeromonas infection come?
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Untreated water
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How long does aeromonas diarrhea last?
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1 wk to 1 y
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From where does Campylobacter sp infection come?
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Raw poultry, diarrheic animals, unpasteurized milk, birds, water, ferrets
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How long does Campylobacter sp diarrhea last?
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5 d to chronic
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From where does Plesiomonas shigelloides infection come?
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Untreated water, shellfish
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How long does Plesiomonas shigelloides diarrhea last?
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2 wk to months
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From where does Salmonella sp infection come?
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Poultry, fecal-oral, water
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How long does Salmonella sp diarrhea last?
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5 d to months in infants
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How long does Yersinia enterocolitica diarrhea last?
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3 wk to 3 mo
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From where does Brainerd diarrhea agent infection come?
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Unpasteurized milk, water
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How long does Brainerd diarrhea agent diarrhea last?
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Many months
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From where does Yersinia enterocolitica infection come?
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Handling of raw pig intestines (chitterlings)
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What are the consequences of nontyphoidal salmonella infection in the first weeks after birth?
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many months of recurrent diarrhea, intermittent positive stool cultures, and undernutrition.
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When is antibiotic treatment needed for nontyphoidal salmonella?
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if bacteremia or meningitis is present
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Does undernutrition resolve with antibiotic treatment?
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no. the duration of the enteric infection and degree of growth impairment is not influenced favorably by such treatment. Infants may reach a point where parenteral nutrition is employed to prevent undernutrition.
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Who gets diarrhea from Aeromonas and Plesiomonas sp? How?
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immunocompromised children who are exposed to untreated fresh and saltwater and shellfish.
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How is diarrhea from Aeromonas and plesiomonas treated?
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Quinolone antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are recommended therapy.
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How is Yersinia infection acquired?
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ingestion of contaminated, undercooked, or unpasteurized foods
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What bacteria causes an acute appendicitis-like illness?
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Yersinia
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What diarrhea is associated with handling raw pig intestines (chitterlings)?
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Yersinia
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What is Brainerd agent?
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Unknown source of outbreaks of disabling watery diarrhea lasting for more than 1 year
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From where does brainerd agent come?
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Epidemiologic evidence suggested unpasteurized milk or undertreated municipal water as the source
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What kind of illnesses do enteric pathotypes of Escherichia coli cause?
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acute, self-limiting illness, but the diarrhea may evolve to a chronic course due to persistent injury to the bowel
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What kind of illness do enterohemorrhagic pathotypes of E Coli that produces Shiga toxin cause?
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acute colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
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What kind of illness do Enterotoxic and mucosa-adherent E coli cause?
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watery diarrhea that may lead to prolonged diarrhea due to mucosal damage or persistence of the primary infection
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What is the duration of Giardia lamblia diarrhea?
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2 wk to years
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What is the source of Giardia lamblia diarrhea?
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Diapered infants, fecal-oral, water supplies
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What is the duration of Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhea?
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1 to 2 wk (mean, 1 to 10 d), with occasional reports of 6 wk
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What is the source of Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhea?
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Child care, petting zoos, swimming pools
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What is the source of Entamoeba histolytica diarrhea?
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Fecal-oral, water
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What is the duration of Entamoeba histolytica diarrhea?
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Weeks
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What is the source of Cyclospora cayetanensis diarrhea?
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Raspberries from Central America, water, unpasteurized apple cider
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What is the duration of Cyclospora cayetanensis diarrhea?
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1 wk to 1 mo or more
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What is the source of Strongyloides stercoralis diarrhea?
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Developing countries, Appalachia, fecal-oral
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What is the duration of Strongyloides stercoralis diarrhea?
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Chronic
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What is the source of Blastocystis hominis diarrhea?
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Uncertain if a pathogen
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What is the duration of Blastocystis hominis diarrhea?
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Uncertain if a pathogen
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From where do Giardia lamblia cysts usually come?
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from unwashed hands that were in contact with infected feces
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Where do Giardia outbreaks come from?
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outbreaks result from contaminated drinking water, recreational pools, pets, and rarely, food
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Who is at high risk for Giardia infection?
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those caring for diapered children in child care, older children returning from camp, children who have immunodeficiencies, and any child whose diarrhea lasts for more than 5 days, especially if associated with other signs and symptoms of giardiasis
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What is distinctive about giardia diarrhea?
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The diarrhea is voluminous and odoriferous but seldom contains blood.
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What are the signs and symptoms of giardiasis?
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Diarrhea, Malaise, weakness, Abdominal distention, Flatulence, Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Foul-smelling, greasy stools, Anorexia, Weight loss, Vomiting
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What is the most common protozoan-caused diarrhea in North America?
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Giardiasis
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What is most common test for giardia?
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Fecal antigen
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Rare presentations of giardia?
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Malaise; anasarca; retinal degeneration
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Treatment of giardia?
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If symptomatic, Metronidazole in a dose of 15 mg/kg for 10 days
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What type of diarrhea is caused by cryptosporidium parvum?
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watery diarrhea that often continues for 2 weeks and occasionally for longer
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How is cryptosporidium transmitted?
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infection results from ingestion of the organism from fecal contamination of the hands of caretakers, directly from animals, or from water in recreational settings.
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How is cryptosporidium removed from swimming pools?
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Chlorine is ineffective; the sand filtering necessary for removal seldom is carried out.
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How is cryptosporidium diagnosed?
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combined Giardia-Cryptosporidium fecal antigen tests
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Does O&P detect cryptosporidium?
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seldom
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What does cyclospora cause?
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watery, explosive diarrhea that may continue for a month or more and may become chronic with severe weight loss in immunocompromised individuals.
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Where is cyclospora found?
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Sources include contaminated water and food, especially fragile items of fresh produce that cannot be washed rigorously after harvesting.
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How is cyclospora treated?
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Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
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What is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in children?
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campylobacter jejuni
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What is the drug of choice in Campylobacter jejuni infection?
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erythromycin
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How does Campylobacter Fetus differ from Campylobacter Jejuni?
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More likely to cause systemic disease, requires antibiotic therapy
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What are the non-infectious complications of Campylobacter infection?
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Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Reiter syndrome, erythema nodosum, reactive arthritis
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What is Reiter syndrome?
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arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis
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