Diarrhea Sheep And Goas

Front 1

How is D+ noted in small ruminants

Back 1

Softer than normal pellets (should not be as watery as the cattle can get)

Front 2

What is DAG and how does it start

Back 2

Fly strike of feces matted fiber on sheep and goats (from the D+)

Front 3

IF you see D+ in a small ruminant, should you be worried?

Back 3

YES

Front 4

Peste de petite ruminants is related to what disease?

Back 4

Rinderpest (eradicated)

Front 5

Where do we find PdPR?

Back 5

Africa, Asia, Middle east.

Front 6

Which species gets a really bad disease with PdRP?

Back 6

Goats

Front 7

Can cattle develop PdPR?

Back 7

They can be infected, do not become clinical

Front 8

Can PdPR survive in the environment?

Back 8

not for long

Front 9

Do you show signs before or after you start shedding PdPR?

Back 9

BEFORE -- so many introductions are with a non clinical shedding animal.

Front 10

Is PdPR very contagious?

Back 10

NO -- rare to cause an explosive outbreak.

Front 11

What are the CXs of PdPR?

Back 11

Pyrexia, depression, anorexia, clear nasal discharge --> copious yellow, thick discharge with crusting. Ulceration and inflammation (oral and GIT mmb).

Front 12

What are some sequellae to PdPR?

Back 12

D+ w/ tenesmus, pneumonia, abortion

Front 13

Which age range is most likely to die of PdPR?

Back 13

young (disease course is about 5-10 days.

Front 14

How do you diagnose PdPR?

Back 14

Presumptive in endemic regions, ELISA (lesion or blood),

Front 15

How do we treat PrPD?

Back 15

Supportive

Front 16

Is there a vaccine for PdPR?

Back 16

Not anymore *used to use rinderpest-- but thats gone now*

Front 17

How do we differ Blue tongue virus and FMD from PdPR?

Back 17

Blue Tongue- rare to affect goats, FMD not as bad on small ruminants and neither causes DIARRHEA

Front 18

Which virus is the most important D+ cause in young small ruminants?

Back 18

ROTAVIRUS

Front 19

What kind of diarrhea is produced in rota virus infection?

Back 19

Watery diarrhea

Front 20

What ages/spp does rota affect?

Back 20

Sheep < 1 mo, goats < 3 mo

Front 21

How do we dx rota?

Back 21

EM

Front 22

How do we treat rota?

Back 22

self limiting, fluid treatment

Front 23

What other virus of young animals is associated with diarrhea and may require a co-infection?

Back 23

Corona

Front 24

Which E. coli affects LAMBS?

Back 24

ETEC (K99 pillus) - enterotoxogenic

Front 25

What kind of D+ is seen in ETEC lambs?

Back 25

Enterotoxin secretory

Front 26

How do we diagnose ETEC?

Back 26

If it is in the blood than we KNOW (e. coli should not be here), but isolation is otherwise difficult.

Front 27

Which E. coli do goat kids develop?

Back 27

EPEC (enteropathogenic e coli)

Front 28

How is EPEC different than ETEC?

Back 28

Kids will get more BLOOD in their diarrhea and evidence of systemic toxemia and they will be more sick.

Front 29

Which salmonella subtype is most commonly isolated from small ruminants?

Back 29

TYPHIMURIUM - this is NON host adapted and is zoonotic.

Front 30

Which salmonella is sheep host adapted?

Back 30

S. Dublin

Front 31

What type of D+ do goats get with salmonella?

Back 31

profuse, watery, diarrhea with a high fever and leukopenia.

Front 32

How is goat salmonella different than others?

Back 32

No bloody diarrhea

Front 33

Yersina affects who worse? Goats or sheep?

Back 33

Goats

Front 34

What does yersina cause in kids?

Back 34

enteritis and bacteremia. a WATERY (not bloody) diarrhea; sudden death, severe toxemia.

Front 35

What other lesions are associated with a chronic yersia infection?

Back 35

Microabscesses in the gut wall and mesentery-- chronic D+ and wt loss.

Front 36

How is yersina spread?

Back 36

fecal oral

Front 37

How do we diagnose yersinia?

Back 37

culture of lesions, rising anB titer.

Front 38

How do we treat Yersinia?

Back 38

TETRACYCLINE

Front 39

Clostridium are gram ______ and ______forming rods

Back 39

positive, spore

Front 40

When can clostridia proliferate?

Back 40

When there is abnormal motility in the GIT

Front 41

How do we type clostridial infections?

Back 41

based on the toxin that is produced.

Front 42

Which types of clostridia produce beta toxin?

Back 42

Type B or C

Front 43

What does beta clostridial toxin do?

Back 43

Struck in lambs - hemorrhagic ulcerations, yellow/brown D+, per acute death (sudden death)

Front 44

What age range is affected by Struck and why?

Back 44

< 3 days old, b/c the toxin (ß) is inactivated by trypsin (and about day 3 is when it is being made)

Front 45

What other toxin does Clostridia type B secrete?

Back 45

Epsilon

Front 46

What happens over years in a flock with Struck (type C)

Back 46

The first year is the worst - lots of lambs dying fast, subsequent years there is better immunity via clostrum anB.

Front 47

How is struck dx?

Back 47

Based on CxS (death, diarrhea), lesions at necropsy, testing for the beta toxin

Front 48

Is there a vaccine for Struck?

Back 48

YES - given to ewes before lambing. toxioid vacc.

Front 49

How is struck treated?

Back 49

Antitoxin (Type C for ß toxin and D for the epsilon), 2x the penG dose, fluid therapy and NSAIDS

Front 50

What does type C infection cause in adults?

Back 50

Peracute colic and death.

Front 51

What does type c clostridium cause in humans?

Back 51

Pigbel (Eat bad pork and then eat sweet potatoes that inhibit trypsin)

Front 52

What toxin does clostridia type D secrete?

Back 52

Alpha toxin and epsilon toxin

Front 53

Which type d toxin is more important and how is it activated?

Back 53

Epsilon - activated by trypsin.

Front 54

Can clostridia type D survive in the environment?

Back 54

NO -- obligate parasite of the GIT

Front 55

What are the predisposing factors to the development of a type D infection

Back 55

Same as type B - anything that changes the bacterial flora to limit competition and things that slow the transit time.

Front 56

What is the most common causes of death in feedlot lambs (and is not pneumonia!)

Back 56

Clostridiosis

Front 57

What is one of the most common causes of sudden death in lambs?

Back 57

Clostridia

Front 58

How does epsilon toxin work?

Back 58

It increases vascular permeability -- increases its own absorption and causes necrosis of tissues (esp the NEURAL tissue)

Front 59

What type of disease do sheep get from epsilon

Back 59

Neurological - obtundation, death w/ minimal GIT disease/diarrhea

Front 60

What type of disease do goats get from type D?

Back 60

localized enteric -- ENTEROTOXEMIA aka PULPY KIDNEY or over eaters disease

Front 61

Does type d disease have a bloody diarrhea?

Back 61

yes

Front 62

What kind of leukogram do clostridial diseases cause?

Back 62

LEUKOCYTOSIS due to inflammation,

Front 63

What type of lesions are caused by epsilon toxin?

Back 63

fibronecrotic enteritis (different than w/ viral etiology), pulpy kidneys, hemorrhage on many organs (vasculitis)

Front 64

What is the problem with collecting post mortem samples for clostridial testing

Back 64

They are a normal part of decamp (sudden growth burst shortly after death) so you need to always consider contamination if this is what is grown on culture.

Front 65

How can you type out a clostridial disease on an alive animal?

Back 65

PCR -- not always done (Rare to get a true definitive diagnosis)

Front 66

What is the treatment for Type D infections?

Back 66

Penicillin, nsaids, fluids, antitoxins

Front 67

How often are clostridial vaccines given for full protection?

Back 67

q6months

Front 68

What is a major difference in CxS between clostridial and sepsis?

Back 68

Obtundation (more of the sepsis side)

Front 69

What type of syndrome does Johnes (MAP) cause in small ruminants?

Back 69

Wt loss (d+ is intermittent or terminal)

Front 70

For MAP in goats -- is fecal culture a good test?

Back 70

Not really - goat are only intermittent shedders.

Front 71

What is the most common protozoa isolated from goat kids < 1 month old?

Back 71

Cryptosporidium (everyone gets this)

Front 72

What type of diarrhea is seen in crypto in kids?

Back 72

Watery diarrhea

Front 73

WAht is the most common cause of D+ in lambs and kids 3 weeks to 5 mo?

Back 73

Eimeria!!!! By 6 months have effective anB

Front 74

What are the clinical signs of eimeria infection?

Back 74

TEnesmus, diarrhea (bloody) and even death.

Front 75

What is the treatment for eimeria?

Back 75

The same as in cattle (amproleum) but small ruminants are more sensitive to ionophores - monensin.

Front 76

Which assemblages of giardia infects sheep/goats?

Back 76

A and E (e is primary hoofstock, a is everyone)

Front 77

How long can giardia oocysts survive in pasture

Back 77

3 months if it is wet and warm enough 4ºC

Front 78

What is the incubation period for giardia?

Back 78

5-21 days.

Front 79

Why does giardia not do as well in the older sheep/goat?

Back 79

Giardia thrives on sugar -- so less milk = less sugar

Front 80

How long does illness last with giardia?

Back 80

4-14 days

Front 81

How is giardia dx?

Back 81

Trophozoites on fecal smear

Front 82

What is the treatment for giardia?

Back 82

Metronidazole (not in food animals) fenbendazole in high doses (50mg/kg)