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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Histopathology consists of two major areas

Autopsy and surgical Pathology

surgical Pathology is

examination of biopsy specimens from living patients

In 95% of routine cases which staining method is common?

haematoxylin and eosin stain

Special histopathology techniques are

histochemical stains


immunohistochemical stains


Electron microscopy


flow cytometry


cytogenetic studies


molecular Pathology techniques


microarray technology

some applications of histochemical stains

demonstration of organisms



demonstration of connective tissue matrix components



identification of pigments and other extracellular deposits



demonstration of cytoplasmic constituents



enzyme histochemical stains

Mycobacteria is stained with?

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Fungi is stained with

periodic acid-schiff and methenamine silver

Collagen and elastic fibers are stained with___respectively

trichrome stains and verhoeff stains

Mucopolysaccharides are stained by

alcian blue, metachromatic dyes

melanin and amyloid are stained by_____ respectively

fontana-masson, Congo red

haemosiderin and calcium are stained by____respectively

perls' Prussian blue and von kossa

Glycogen and lipids are stained with___ respectively

periodic acid-schiff and Sudan black

muscle filament and myelin are stained with____respectively

phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin and luxol fast blue

immunohistochemical stains involves

use of antibodies against specific tissue antigens or constituents

Hybridoma techniques by monoclonal antibodies against single epitope of specific antigens were developed by who and when?

Kohler and Milstein, 1975

Applications of immunohistochemistry

Diagnosis of specific viral, bacterial, frugal or protozoan infections.



Categorization of undifferentiated malignant neoplasms, leukemias and lymphomas.



Detection of hormone receptors.



Diagnosis of glomerulonephritis and autoimmune skin disorders(immunofluorescence)

Mention some immunohistochemical markers

enolase, synaptophysin, chromogranin(Neurosecretory granules)



cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein(intermediate fillaments)

Simply define flow cytometry

This is when individual cells in a fluid suspension are made to pass through a laser beam which scatters light in different directions in amounts determined by the physicochemical characteristics of each cells

Flow cytometry aim to provide these informations about the cell

cell size, shape, DNA content, cell surface molecules

Applications of flow cytometry

Haematology (CD4 count)



Tumor cell ploidy(malignant tumor cells being aneuploid, compared to normal/benign cells being diploid)

simply define Electron microscopy

It's the focusing of a beam of electrons by powerful magnet on a tissue; with deflected beams focused on a cathode ray tube or photographic film to visualize it.

resolution of Electron microscope and delay interval for getting result?

1-2 nm, 1-2 weeks

application of EM

renal Pathology


viral infections


skeletal muscle diseases(parking lot inclusions)


Tumor diagnosis


metabolic disorders(zebra bodies)

Cytogenetic studies involves

the production of a chromosome spread using bone marrow preparation, whole blood, fibroblasts and fresh tissue.

Cell Division is stimulated using___ metaphase arrest of mitosis is by using____

phytohaemagglutinin and colchicine

chromosome spread is stained with

Giemsa stain

Applications of molecular Pathology techniques are

Oncology


forensic medicine


inherited disease


infectious diseases


custom tailored drugs


anthropological studies

In situ hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH), differentiate

ISH is focused on nucleic acid targeting in cells using radioactive(s35) and nonradioactive(peroxidase, biotin, digoxigenin) labeled probes. While FISH is focused on chromosome targeting using fluorochrome probes.

Polymerase chain reaction was described by who, when?

Kary Mullis 1985 (Nobel price 1993)

polymerase chain reaction involves multiple circle of 3 things

DNA denaturation


Primer annealing


Polymerase extension

Microarray technology involves making of?

Slides of cores of tissues arranged in an organized grid.

Microarray technology is used for?

Measuring the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously in a tissue sample to generate an expression profile.

Recipient block of tissue in microarray technology is what is used to produce tissue microarray used in final experiment. T or F

True