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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the horse, which is more common...osteochondritis of the front or rear limb?
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Rear
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In what four areas does osteochondritis occur in the front limb of the horse?
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-scapula
-distal radius -metacarpal 3 -distal phalynx |
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What is the radiographic appearance of osteochondritis?
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Cyst-like lesion
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The origin of an osterchondritic lesion can be what?
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-developmental
-traumatic |
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Rear limb osteochondritis occurs primarily in which structures in the horse?
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Stifle and tarsus
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Osteochondritis of the equine stifle tends to be located where?
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Lateral trochlear ridge
Medial femoral condyle |
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Where are the 2 less common locations of osteochondritis in the rear limb of the horse?
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Lateral femoral condyle
Proximal tibia |
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Which view would be best to show osteochondritis of the cranial distal intermediate ridge of the tibia?
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DMPLO
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What is the common location for osteochondritis in the talus of the horse?
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Lateral trochlear ridge
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Equine navicular syndrome can cause lameness and heel pain. What % of cases show no radiographic abnormality?
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50%
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What views are used to demonstrate the equine navicular?
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Lateromedial
65 degree dorsoproximal-palmerodistal |
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What are the radiographic signs of navicular disease?
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-proximal border: enthesophytes on extremities (spurs)
-distal border: synovial invaginations (fenestrations) -small chip fx uncommon |
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In the navicular view, you may also see cortical erosions and mineralization of what structure?
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DDF tendon
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What do you look for in the medullary cavity of the navicular?
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-radiolucent cyst
-sclerosis |
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Angular limb deformity in foals is most common in which area?
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Carpus- valgus
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In what other areas can angular limb deformity occur?
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-fetlock (front or rear)
-hock |
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What disease usually occurs along with septic arthritis?
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Osteomyelitis
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When do septic arthritis and osteomyelitis tend to occur?
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Few days to a few weeks of age
(multiple bones and joints) |
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How are radiographic views named?
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The direction in which the x-ray beam travels from the tube through the patient to the film
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Are x-rays a wave or a particle?
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Both (photon)
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An x-ray tube anode is made of what metal?
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Tungsten
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What 2 primary interactions occur in the anode to create x-rays?
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-collison interactions (characteristic)
-radiative interactions (braking) |
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The cathode is the source for what, in the production of x-rays?
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Electrons
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Which circuit provides current to the cathode filament?
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Low voltage circuit
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What does the high voltage circuit provide?
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Electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode
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The potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in what units?
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kiloVolts (kV)
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What are the 3 main controls on an x-ray unit?
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-kVp
-mA -time |
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What are the 3 main interactions that can occur when an x-ray photon enters a patient?
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-coherent scatter
-photoelectric interactions -compton interactions |
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What happens to the photon during coherent scatter?
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-enters the patient, changes direction with no loss of energy
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What is a photoelectric interaction?
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-photon enters pt, strikes & ejects an electron completely absorbing the energy, ejected electron is absorbed, outer shell electron falls into the vacated shell and releases characteristic photon (low energy, quickly absorbed)
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Photoelectric absorption is directly proportional to what?
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The cube of the atomic number of the absorber
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Photoelectric absorption is inversely proportional to what?
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The cube of the energy of the photon
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What is important about the photoelectric interactions?
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Responsible for tissue differences on the image
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Which interaction is the primary source of scatter?
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Compton interactions
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What happens in a Compton interaction?
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Incoming photon ejects an outer shell electron and continues with a slight loss in energy (perhaps reaching the film). The ejected electron is absorbed.
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Compton interactions are proportional to what?
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Independent of the absorber, decrease as the energy of the photon decreases
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What is the effect of Compton scatter on image quality?
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Decrease contrast (and more potential exposure to personnel)
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In general, when the x-ray beam enters the patient, one of what 3 things can happen?
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-x-ray passes through unchanged and reaches the film
-photoelectric absoprtion -compton scatter...some reaches the film |
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The amount of blackness on a film is directly related to what?
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Amount of metallic silver remaining which is directly related to the number of x-rays reaching the film
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The number of x-rays produced during the exposure is related to what 2 factors?
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mA
time |
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What factors controls the energy of the beam?
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kVp
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What is Focal Film Distance?
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The distance from the source of the x-rays (tube) to the film
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What gives better image detail...a long or short FFD?
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A long FFD
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What is the inverse square law?
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The intensity of the x-ray bean is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
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According to the inverse square law, if you double your distance of the x-ray source (increase FFD), what happens to the intensity of the beam?
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Reduced to 1/4 it's original
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If you change the FFD, what must you do?
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Adjust the exposure factors accordingly
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What FFD is used in vet med?
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100 cm (40 inches)
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Which image quality component is key to diagnosis?
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Image detail
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What is the primary cause of poor image quality in vet med?
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Motion
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How can motion be minimized of eliminated?
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Shortest exposure time available
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What exposure factor would give you the shortest exposure...a high mA or a low mA?
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High mA
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Which type of film would have better detail...a fast or a slow film speed?
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Slow film speed
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How can film have different speeds?
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Crystal size
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The portion of the anode that is bombarded with electrons to create x-rays is called the what?
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Focal spot
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Does focal spot size have an effect on image detail?
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Yes..smaller is better
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The distance between the patient and the film is called what?
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Object film distance (OFD)
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What is the rule of thumb for OFD?
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Have the patient as close to the film as possible
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If x-ray film more sensitive to light or to x-rays?
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Light
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Since film is more sensitive to light, what is used to expose the film?
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Intensifying screens
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What is the purpose of a grid?
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Absorbs scattered x-rays that otherwise would add density, but no information, to a radiograph.
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What is the grid ratio?
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The ratio of the height of the lead strips to the distance between them.
usually 8:1 or 12:1 |
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What other 2 grid factors should you be aware of?
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-lines per inch
-focal distance |
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What is contrast?
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The difference in film blackness between 2 areas
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What factors affect subject contrast?
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-atomic number
-physical density -kVp |
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What are the 5 radio opacities in vet radiography?
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-air
-fat -water -bone -metal |
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Does low kVp give more or less contrast on a film?
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More contrast
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What is fog?
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Scattered radiation can reach the film and reduce image contrast without adding any useful information
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What does film developing do?
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Changes the exposed silver halide crystals (latent image) into metallic silver
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What is the purpose of fixer?
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Clears the unexposed silver halide crystals
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Too little time in the fixer will eventually turn a film what color?
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Brown
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In x-ray production, mA controls what?
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The number (quantity) of x-rays produced
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What controls the energy of the x-ray beam?
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kVp
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What is mAs?
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mA time seconds
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What is the anode heel effect?
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The intensity of the beam is greater on the cathode side
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Which exposure factor controls contrast?
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kVp only
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In which images is high contrast better?
Low contrast? |
High: bone
Low: Abdomen/thorax |
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What is the term for how sharp the margins of a structure appear on the film?
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Detail
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What is distortion?
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Out of normal shape or position
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What 3 things can cause distortion?
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-increased OFD
-object not parallel to beam -beam not centered over area of interest |
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What causes image maginifcation?
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Increased OFD
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An object that is not parallel to the beam will have what type of distortion?
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Foreshortened (or elongated)
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What is the purpose of a film cassette?
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-lightproof box
-ensure contact between film and screen |
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How much radiation can you be exposed to without effects?
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NONE!
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What are the 3 basics of radiation safety?
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-time
-distance -shielding |
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What is ALARA?
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using radiation exposure that is As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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What are the 2 big advantages of digital over film/screen?
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-decreased cost of imaging
-increased volume of imaging studies |
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What type of digital imaging system uses a flexible phosphor plate?
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CR
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What is an advantage to using CR?
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Only have to replace cassettes and screens, can use same radiographic system
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Which digital imaging system give you the best resolution and image quality?
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DR
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Which digital imaging system uses a lens to capture the image...similar to a digital camera?
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CCD
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In digital radiography, how is image resolution reported?
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Line spread function (lp/mm)
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What is Modulation Transfer Function?
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MTF- a measurement of the object contrast recorded by the system (how much does the image look like the object?)
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Statistical variation in a digital imaging system is referred to as what?
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Signal-to-Noise (SNR)
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Digital images should be created in what format?
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DICOM
Digital Imaging & Communications in Medicine |
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Digital images can be sent, stored and retrieved from a PACS system. What is PACS?
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Picture Archive & Communications System
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Name 2 cross-sectional imaging modalities.
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CT
MRI |
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what is a pixel?
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Picture element- 2 dimesional
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What is a voxel?
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Volume element - 3 dimensional
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What are the advantages of CT?
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-superior contrast resolution
-excellent bone detail -quick scan times -currently better for chest/abdomen |
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What are the advantages of MRI?
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-unsurpassed anatomic detail
-excellent contrast and resolution -no ionizing radiation -best for brain, spinal cord, joints |
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MRI is an interaction of what 3 elements?
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-atomic nuclei
-magnetic fields -radio waves |
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What 2 criteria should the nuclei have?
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-must be abundant
-must behave suitably in a magnetic field |
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Why nulcei is MR dependent on for imaging?
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Hydrogen
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What is TR?
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Repetition time = the time between 90 degree RF pulses
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What is TE?
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Time between 90 degree pulse and echo
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When is woven bone formed?
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-in fetal life
-in skeletal repair (fx callus) |
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What happens to woven bone?
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Removed and replaced by lamellar bone.
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What is this replacement process called?
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Bone remodeling
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What type of bone forms in a slower, orderly fashion?
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Lamellar bone
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Highly structured bone tissue with circumferential lamellae and canaliculi with blood vessels, perivascular osteoclasts, osteoblasts, macrophages and nerves describe what system?
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Haversian systems
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What type of bone lacks radiographic density and is trebeculated with marrow spaces?
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Cancellous, trabecular or spongy bone
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How does compact or cortical bone appear radiographically?
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-dense
-formed of plates and cylinders |
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Which bones develop by intramembranous ossification?
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Flat bones of face and calvarium
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What is intramembranous ossification?
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Mesenchymal cells differentiate directly into osteogenic cells that form new bone tissue
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What is endochondral ossification?
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Bones are preformed in cartilage tissue, cartilage model
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Where is the physeal plate located?
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between epiphysis and metaphysis
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What structure is located under the articular cartilage?
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Epiphyseal plate
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The growth plates provide what function?
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Bone length
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Where is the primary center of bone ossification?
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Midpoint of developing bone organ..diaphysis
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Where are the secondary centers of bone ossification?
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Ends of developing bone organs
-epiphysis -physis -metaphysis |
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What are apophyseal centers?
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Tertiary centers of ossification
also called traction centers |
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The metaphyseal width decreases to the width of the diaphysis as it grwis shaftward...what is this area called?
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cut-back zone
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The apophysis are the sites for what?
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Attachment of tendons
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True or False. The apophysis do not contribute to the length of the bone.
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True
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Name some of the sites of tertiary (apophyseal) ossification
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-supraglenoid tubrecle- scapula
-olecranon -medial epicondyl - humerus -trochanter tertius femoris -tibial apophysis -tuber calcis -tuber coxae |
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Why are fractures of the physes common?
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Physes are the weakest part of the bone
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What is different about the blood supply to the bone in young animals?
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The physes have a separate blood supply
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When viewing radiographs of bones, what do you look for?
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-normal bone shape, size, location, radiopacity, margination & alignment
-normal bone alignment, joint anatomy, synovium, articular cartilage etc |
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What is the difference between an osteophyte and an enthesiophyte?
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osteophyte- new bone formation
enthesiophyte- at the attachment of muscle, tendon |
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When evaluating the periosteum, what changes do you look for?
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-smooth and well defined
-parallel (onion skin) -irregular, ill-defined -radiating (sunburst) |
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Radiographically, how are bone lesions classified?
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-changes in size & shape
-changes in opacity (gen, poly, mono) -cortical changes -trabecular changes -periosteal/endosteal new bone |
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What is the term for an increase in bone density?
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Sclerosis
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What is the term for a decrease in bone density?
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Lysis
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Bone density may change based on normal physiology such as..
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-aging (destructive)
-disuse (destructive) -athletic activity (productive) |
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Bone tissue destruction can occur in a generalized pattern throughout the bone organ as a result of what?
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-serum calcium levels
-secondary hyperparathyroidism -nutritional disease |
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If all bones are involved in bone tissue destruction, what condition would you suspect?
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Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism
can remineralize with diet |
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Disuse atrophy would show what radiographic signs?
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-thin cortices
-reduced bone density |
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Localized bone tissue destruction can be caused by what 2 general conditions?
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-bone tumor
-bone infection |
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Epiphyseal bone destruction is usually brought on by hematagenous bone infection or....
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Bone tumor
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What is a cause of physeal bone tissue destruction?
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Scurvy < vit C
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Metaphyseal bone tissue destruction is caused by bone infection, tumor or what?
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Hypertrophic osterodystrophy (HOD)
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Diaphyseal bone tissue destruction is attributed to what 2 causes?
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-bone tumor
-hematagenous infection |
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Bone tissue destruction that involves the cortex can lead to what type of fracture?
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Pathologic
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What is the zone of transition?
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The interface between the area of destruction/production and surrounding healthy bone
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What is the appearance of the zone of transition with a benign lesion?
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A distinct zone
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What is the appearance of a zone of transition of a malignant lesion?
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An indistinct zone
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Radiographically, benign lesions will have what appearances?
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-short zone of transition
-intact cortex -intact periosteal new bone -smooth periosteal new bone -slow change of appearance over time |
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What appearance will malignant lesions have?
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-long zone of transition
-interrupted cortex -interrupted periosteal new bone -irregular periosteal new bone -rapid change of appearance |
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Focal bone destruction can appear as what 3 patterns?
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-geographic
-moth-eaten -premeative |
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What is the appearance of geographic focal bone destruction?
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-large holes
-usually single -sharp delineated margins |
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What is the appearance of a moth-eaten pattern?
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-poorly circumscribed lesions
-multiple, randomly distributed -moderate size holes -appear to coalesce -integrity of bone destroyed (path fx) -moderately aggressive, malignant |
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What is the appearance of the permeative pattern?
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-multiple, uniformly small holes
-size & frequency diminish from center to edge -poorly circumscribed -size so small bone integrity not destroyed -highly aggressive (malignant) |
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Bone density increase may be due to cortical thickening from what condition?
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Hypertrophic osteopathy
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A bone infection can cause new bone density in which area of the bone?
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Periosteum
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What lesions can cause an increase in done density?
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-osteopetrosis
-panosteitis -metatstatic tumor -healing fracture |
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Under which infectious condition might you see a combination of productive and destructive patterns in bone?
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Fungal infection
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What is Cogman's triangle?
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An area of raised periosteum, usually from a lesion (tumor)
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What routine skull views are taken?
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-lat
-VD -VD open mouth |
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Intraoral DV and VD views are done with what radiographic technique?
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screenless film
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The rostrocaudal view is used to demonstrate what structure?
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Frontal sinus
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The typamic bullae are best seen in what view?
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VD open mouth
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What other structures are seen on the open mouth view?
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-dens axis
-axis, occiput |
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What mnemonic can help you remember the cartilages of the larynx?
|
Sick Elephants Can Be Treated
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Which views can help to demonstrate the teeth?
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Maxillary, mandibular obliques
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At eruption, what percentage of the tooth root is occupied by the canal?
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80%
(10% by 2-3 years) |
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At what age does the root apex foramina close?
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1 year
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Is hypercementosis (cemental hyperplasia) a normal aging change?
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Yes
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What aging changes to the alveolar bone (crest) might be seen?
|
-interdental alveolar cupping out
-cementoenamel junction difficult to see -resorption can be horizontal or vertical |
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Around which tooth is the lamina dura dentis easily identified?
|
Canine
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Decreased bone density of the mandible or maxilla can have what appearance on radiographs?
|
Floating teeth
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Thickening of the tympanic bullae may be due to what condition?
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CMO- craniomandibular osteopathy
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What is CMO?
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Non-inflammatory, non-neoplastic proliferative bone disease in puppies
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In which breeds is CMO seen most?
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-WHWT
-Scottish Terrier -Cairn Terrier -Lab |
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CMO may also affect what other bones?
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-occiput
-mandibular rami |
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In which breed has idiopathic hyperostosis been seen without mandibular enlargement?
|
Bull mastiffs
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A differential dx for CMH includes what disease?
|
Osteomyelitis
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On radiographs of the normal nasal cavity, which structures should you be able to identify?
|
-turbinate pattern
-bony septum -teeth -maxilla -cribiform plate |
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Bacterial rhinitis has what type of radiographic appearance?
|
-unilateral or bilateral
-increase in soft tissue/fluid content -turbinates difficult to identify thickened |
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A hollow pattern in the turbinates with a destructive pattern may be the radiographic appearance of what infection?
|
Aspergillosis
|
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What are some of the radiographic signs of a nasal tumor?
|
-bone destruction
-turbinate pattern unequal, increased density due to fluid, missing because of tumor -septum + - -soft tissue swelling + -- -reactive new bone + - -teeth missing + - |
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What kind of changes might be seen in the inner ear radiographically?
|
Soft tissue mass
Destruction of the tympanic bullae |
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What exam can demonstrate the salivary glands?
|
Sialogram
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What is the purpose of radiographs in the case of a fracture?
|
-confirm presence of fx
-describe fx -displacement/overriding ends? -est level of energy -is the fx open or closed? -identify unexpected feature -identify other lesions |
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What is a Type I Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Separation of the physis
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What is a Type II Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Fx involves physis and metaphysis
|
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What is a Type III Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Fx involves physis and epiphysis
|
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What is a Type IV Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Fx involves physis, meta and epiphysis
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What is a Type V Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Crushed physis
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What is a Type VI Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Injury to the perichondral tissue, bridging of the physis
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What is a Type VII Salter Harris physeal fx?
|
Isolated fx to the epiphyseal plate, physis not involved
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What is the appearance of the fx margin in an acute fx?
|
Sharply delineated
|
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In a chronic fx, what is the density of the fragments compared to an acute fx?
|
Less dense in chronic
|
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What does the presence of a boney callus tell you about a fx?
|
If present, long standing fx
|
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What are some of the features of a pathologic fx?
|
-surrounding bone not normal
-cortical thinning or destruction -periosteal new bone present -shape, pattern, direction of fx unusual -shape of bone not normal |
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Possible etiologies for sesamoid bone disease includes what?
|
-congenital
-traumatic -secondary changes (modeling following arthrosis) |
|
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What are the factors that can influence fx healing?
|
-patient
-nature of injury -treatment -post-op care -complications |
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Periosteal tearing can result in what type of healing callus?
|
Bucket handle callus
|
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What are some of the causes of lameness and pain in a young dog?
|
-developmental (osteochondrosis, dysplasia, medial patellar lux, Legg Calve Perthes. physeal growth delay
-traumatic fx -inflammatory |
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What is the definition of dysplasia?
|
Malformation
|
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is dysplasia a congenital disease?
|
No, inherited
joints are normal at birth |
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What is the cause of hip dysplasia?
|
Uneven growth between skeleton and muscular growth--> subluxation
|
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What is a typical cause of elbow dysplasia?
|
Formation of an abnormal ulnar trochlear notch (too small for humeral trochlea)
|
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What early changes are see with hips dysplasia?
|
-incongruent joint space
-center of femoral head does not lie 50% within acetabulum |
|
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Early Dx of hip dysplasia includes what?
|
-palpation (ortalani sign)
-Rads w/ w/o stress |
|
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Coxofemoral laxity is judges by the position of the femoral head in the acetabulum and what other criteria?
|
Norberg angle
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When radiographing limbs for lameness what should you always do?
|
Radiograph the other side
|
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Which species are unaffected by osteochondrosis?
|
-feline
-ovine -avian -free living animals |
|
|
What factors influence the occurrence of osteochondrosis/dysplasia?
|
-rapid growth rate
-heavy body weight from genetic and nutritional influences |
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Lesions of osteochondrosis can either heal or progress to what?
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-osteochondiritis dessicans onto Arthosis/DJD
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What is the term for an osteochondrosis that has healed to a normal articular surface?
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Osteochondrosis latens
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What is the term for an osteochondrosis that has healed with abnormal subschondral bone?
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Osteochondrosis manifesta
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What is the term for an osteochondrosis that has a framented articular surface?
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Osteochondrosis dessicans
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The radiographic dx of osteochondrosis is based on what?
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-primary bone lesion
-secondary changes of joint disease |
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What is the cause of osteochondrosis?
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-growth of cartilage is not normal
-cells proliferate but don't mature -matrix doesn't calcify |
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Osteochondrosis lesions in what area have more clinical significance?
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In the epiphyses
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What process can cause the pain associated with Osteochondrosis?
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-increase cartilage thickness
-loss of nutrition from synovia -necrosis may cause cartilage to separate from underlying bone-->synovial fluid enters-->PAIN, hyperemia, mediators |
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What are the current concepts of elbow dysplasia?
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-UAP
-medial compartment disease (med coranoid dz, OCD of medial humeral condyle, joint incongruity w/ articular cartilage dz) |
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Which breeds have high incidence of elbow dysplasia?
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-Rottweilers
-Bernese Mountain Dog -St. Bernard |
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What are the 2 primary causes of elbow joint incongruity?
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-incongruent length of radius and ulna
-trochlear notch fails to form |
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What is the appearance of UAP?
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-radiolucent zone in anconeal process
-modeling of anconeal process -joint laxity -new bone production =dev of arthrosis/DJD |
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What constitutes Medial Coranoid Process Disease?
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-trochlear notch incongruous
-medial coranoid process: fails to develop, fails to ossify, ossifies w/ fissure, fx, malformed -secondary new bone formation |
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Which radiographic view will demonstrate patellar luxation?
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Skyline view
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Normally, the distal ulnar physis has what shape?
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Cone shape
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A retained cartilage core in the ulnar can have what effects?
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-ulnar shortening
-radius curvus -lat angulation and external rotation of the foot -lameness -altered gait -potential for elbow and radiocarpal DJD |
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Premature closing of the ulnar physis can have what result?
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-shortening of the ulna, bowing of the radius
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What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?
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Osteonecrosis of the femoral head
-early physeal closure, soft tissue atrophy -loss of shape of femoral head -resorption of subchondral bone -head collapses -acetabulum flattens from disuse |
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What is a transitional vertebrae?
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Has the characteristics of 2 different types of vertebrae....Lumbar & Sacral
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What is panosteitis?
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New medullary bone, increased density patches (thumb prints)
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When is panosteitis often noted?
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When radiographing the hips
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What can cause a pattern of palisading smooth outlined periosteal bone growth on distal limbs of all long bones?
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Hypertrophic osteopathy
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HD is associated with what lesion?
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Primary thoracic lesion (primary lung tumor)
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What is hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
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Destructive inflammatory disease affecting all metaphyses
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What clinical signs are seen with HOD?
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-systemic illness
-febrile -anorectic -unable to walk |
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Early radiographic changes of HOD include what?
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-lytic zone (second growth plate) in the metaphysis w/ sclerotic band)
mid changes = widening of lytic zone |
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What are the late changes seen in HOD?
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-extracortical cuff of bone forms in adjacent soft tissues
-lytic zone moves shaftward -lesion heals |
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Osteomyelitis is an infection that includes what structures?
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Bone and marrow
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What is the term for an infection of cortical bone?
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Osteitis
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What is Myelitis?
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Infection of the bone marrow
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What are the radiographic signs of bone infection?
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-usually destructive
-reactive new bone forms -sequestrum may form |
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Bone infection may be secondary to trauma from what?
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-bite wound
-puncture wound -open fx -post surgery |
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Infection secondary to bite or puncture wound will have what appearance?
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-focal
-soft tissue swelling -small cortical lytic area -periosteal response-focal -maybe ivolucrum/sequestrum |
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Vertebral anomaly/variants of the spine can include what?
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-hemivertebrae
-transitional vertebrae -fusion -subluxation |
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What is spinal dysraphism?
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Congenital abnormal closure of the neural tube
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What is spinal bifida?
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-failure of the dorsal aspect of the vertebrae to form properly
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What type of alignment issues might be seen in spinal radiographs?
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-malalignment
-scoliosis -C2 subluxation -cerv malformation-malarticulation (wobblers) |
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What is spondylosis?
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-new bone formation, can cause narrowing of the veterbral canal
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Hypervitaminosis A, mucopolysaccharidosis, hyperparathyroidism, osteopenia, osteopetrosis are all examples of what that can cause spinal abnormalities?
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Metabolic abnormalities
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Inflammatory diseases of the spine include what?
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-spondylitis
-vertebral osteomyelitis -discospondylitis -vertebral physitis |
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Name some of the benign spinal neoplastic lesions?
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-multiple cartilaginous exotoses
-osteochondroma -ostechondromatosis |
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The malignant bone tumors include...
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Osero, chondro- fibrosarcoma, myeloma, hemangiosarcoma
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What type of radiographic lesion will you see with myeloma and hemangiosarcoma?
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Punche dout osteolytic lesions in vertabrae
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Traumatic fx of the spine are most commonly seen where?
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-vertebral body
-transverse and spinous processes |
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What is the common site for intervertebral disc disease?
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Thorcao-lumbar T12-L1
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What is a disc protrusion?
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any mass of discal origin impinging on the spinal cord or nerve roots
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What is a disc herniation?
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bulging disc, NP causes a bulge, stretching the intact AF
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What is the term used when the NP has broken thru the AF into the epidural space?
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Extrusion/prolapse
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What is the process of chondroid degeneration of the IV disc?
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-dehydration and mineralization of the NP
-AF fibrosus and degenerates Type I lesions are acute (compressive myelopathy, severe neuro signs, epidural hemorrhage, cord edema) |
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What is fibroid degeneration of the IV disc?
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-fibroid metaplasia of the NP
Type II lesions: chronic progressive course, mild neuro signs, cord compression may still be conisderable |
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In performing a myelogram, contrast in injected into where?
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SAS via cisterna magnum or at L4-5
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What are the indications for a myelogram?
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-confirm spinal lesion
-extent -id lesions not seen on plain films -distinguish between surg/non-surg lesions -localize the lesion |
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Intramedullary lesions affect what?
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The cord (neoplasia, metastatic, granulomatous
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On a myelogram, a lesion that is located intradural extramedullary is where?
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In the meninges (neurofibroma, neurofibrosarcoma)
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Iv disc protrusion are located where on a myelogram?
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Extramedually, extradural
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