Diag Ii-Abg Patho/phys

Front 1

What is the normal pH range for humans?

Back 1

7.35-7.45

Front 2

What are the absolute limits for life for pH?

Back 2

7.0-7.8

Front 3

pH is maintained by what 3 mechanisms?

Back 3

-chemical buffering
-respiratory system
-renal system

Front 4

What do buffers do if pH decreases?

Back 4

binds H+

Front 5

What do buffers to if pH increases?

Back 5

release H+

Front 6

Chemicals buffers are often what?

Back 6

weak acids

Front 7

Physiologically, chemical buffers can serve as what?

Back 7

either acid or base

Front 8

name some chemical buffers

Back 8

-phosphate
-proteins like hemoglobin and albumin
-Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

Front 9

Cellular metabolism produces what?

Back 9

CO2

Front 10

Ventilation is primary mechanism for _____ disposal.

Back 10

CO2

Front 11

Body's need to rid itself of CO2 is the most important stimulus for what?

Back 11

respiration/ventilation

Front 12

What is the crucial formula to understand for respiratory mechanism.

Back 12

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3--> HCO3 + H+

Front 13

Increased CO2 leads to what?

Back 13

decreased pH (acidosis)

Front 14

Decreased CO2 leads to what?

Back 14

increased pH (alkalosis)

Front 15

Increased CO2 and increased H+ does what?

Back 15

stimulated central chemo receptors and in turn increases ventilation

Front 16

Decreased CO2 and decreased H+ stimulated what and decreases what?

Back 16

-stimulates central chemoreceptors

-decreases ventilation

Front 17

In the renal mechanism, cellular metabolism produces other acids besides carbonic acid including what?

Back 17

-phosphoric acid
-uric acid
-lactic acid
-ketones
-metabolic acids

Front 18

Kidneys excrete H+ in the form of what?

Back 18

NH4

Front 19

Very important renal mechanim for regulating acod/base is the control of what?

Back 19

bicarb via excretion and re-absorption

Front 20

The relation of bicarb to ph is what?

Back 20

direct

Front 21

Increased bicarb does what to pH?

Back 21

increases pH

Front 22

Decreased bicarb leads to ________ pH

Back 22

decreased

Front 23

Primary change in CO2 due to ventilation issues can lead to what?

Back 23

compensatory change in the kidneys management of HCO3

Front 24

Primary change in plasma HCO3 can lead to what?

Back 24

compensatory changes in ventilation and CO2

Front 25

Name the cations for anion gap.

Anions?

Back 25

Cations-Na and K

Anions-Cl- and HCO3-

Front 26

Tell me about anion gap acidosis.

Back 26

->12
-increased endogenous acid production
-decreased HCO3
-decreased anion side of equation
-increased anion gap

Front 27

Tell me about non-anion gap acidosis.

Back 27

-(8-12)
-AKA hyperchloermic acidosis
-increased in Cl- in the form of NaCl, KCl, CaCl
-body seeks electro-neutrology by excreting HCO3 thus contributing to acidosis

Front 28

Name some causes of an elevated AG.

Back 28

-ethylene glycol
-lactic acid
-methanol
-paraldehyde
-ASA
-renal failure
-ketoacidosis

Front 29

Name some causes of a decreased AG

Back 29

-hypercalcemia
-hypermagnesemia
-hyperkalemia
-paraproteinuria
-Li toxicity

Front 30

Name some causes of normal AG (Hypercholermic)

Back 30

-diarrhea
-RTA
-acetazolamide
-ureteral diversions
-renal failure
-HCL administration

Front 31

In respiratory acidosis:
__________ pH
__________CO2

Back 31

decreased pH
increased CO2

Front 32

Respiratory acidosis is mainly what?

Back 32

a reduce in ventilation

Front 33

What are some central causes of respiratory acidosis?

Back 33

-sedatives
-stroke
-head trauma

Front 34

What are some airway causes of respiratory acidosis?

Back 34

-obstruction
-asthma
-COPD

Front 35

What are some neuromuscular causes of respiratory acidosis?

Back 35

-polio
-ALS
-Curare et al

Front 36

Respiratory Alkalosis
________pH
________CO2

Back 36

-increased pH
-decreased CO2

Front 37

Respiratory alkalosis is mainly due to what?

Back 37

increased ventilation (blowing off CO2)

Front 38

What are some central causes of respiratory alkalosis?

Back 38

-pain
-anxiety
-psychosis

Front 39

What are some airway causes of respiratory alkalosis?

Back 39

-PE
-pregnancy
-Fever

Front 40

What are some causes of neuromuscular respiratory alkalosis?

Back 40

-anemia
-liver failure
-septicemia

Front 41

Metabolic Acidosis
decreased______
decreased_______

Back 41

-decreased pH
-decreased HCO3

Front 42

What are some anion gap causes of metabolic acidosis?

Back 42

-lactic acidosis
-ketoacidosis
-toxins
-chronic renal failure

Front 43

What are some causes of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis?

Back 43

-diarrhea
-early renal filure

Front 44

Metabolic alkalosis
-increased _______
-Increased _________

Back 44

-increased pH
-increased HCO3

Front 45

What are some causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Back 45

-vomiting
-loss of H+ or increase in HCO3
-gastric aspiration
-alkali administration especially in pts w/ renal insufficiency
-diuretics
-excessive licorice intake!