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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acanthosis Nigricans
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A skin condition characterized by by darkened skin patches. It is common on people whose body is not responding correctly to the insulin that they make in their pancreas.
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Acarbose
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Oral medicine used in the maintenance treatment of type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially after meals. It is part of the alpha glucosidase inhibitors.
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ACE inhibitor
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An oral medicine that lowers blood pressure. It means angiotensin converting enzyme. It is believed to slow down the progression of renal disease associated with diabetes.
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Acesulfame potassium
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A dietary sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value. It is also known as acesulfame-K(Sunett)
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Acetohexamide
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Oral medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps the pancreas make more insulin, and by helping the body better use the insulin made. Class- Sulfonylureas name- Dymelor
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Adhesive capsulitis
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A condition of the shoulder associated with diabetes that results in pain and loss of the ability to move the shoulder in all directions.
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AGEs
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Advanced glycosylation end products. These are produced in the body when glucose links with protein. They can damage blood vessels.
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Albuminuria
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The urine has more than normal amounts of a protein called albumin. It may be a sign of nephropathy(renal disease).
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Alpha cell
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A type of cell in the pancreas, They make and release glucagon. When glucose falls too low, these cells are stimulated via osmoreceptors.
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Alpha glucosidase inhibitor
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Class of oral medications for type 2 diabetes. Acarbose and Miglitol
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Amylin
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A hormone formed by beta cells in the pancreas. It regulates the timing of glucose release into the bloodstream after eating by slowing the emptying of the stomach.
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Amyotrophy
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A type of neuropathy resulting in pain, weakness and or a wasting of the muscles.
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Angiopathy
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Disease of blood and/or lymph vessels.
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Antibodies
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Proteins made by the body to protect itself from foriegn substances such as bacteria or viruses. Type 1 diabetes results when the body makes antibodies that destroy the body's own insulin making beta cells.
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A1C
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A test that measures a persons average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months. hemoglobin is a part of a red blood cell that carries O2 to the cells and sometimes joins with the glucose in the bloodstream.(Glycosylated hemoglobin). It shows the amount of glucose that adheres to the red blood cell which is proportional to the amount of glucose in the blood.
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ARB
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An oral medicine that lowers blood pressure. It is "angiotensin receptor blocker".
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Arteriosclerosis
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Progressive hardening of the arteries.
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Aspart insulin
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A rapid acting insulin. It starts to lower blood glucose within 10-20 minutes after injection. It strongest effect is reached within 1-3 hours.
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Aspartame
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A dietary sweetener with almost no calories and no nutritional value(Equal and Nutrasweet)
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Atherosclerosis
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A clogging or narrowingand hardening of the body's large arteries and medium sized blood vessels.
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Autoimmune
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A body disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys body tissue that it believes to be foreign.
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Autonomic neuropathy
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A type of neuropathy, affecting the lungs, heart, stomach, intestine, bladder or genitals.
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Background retinopathy
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A type of damage to the retina of the eye, marked by bleeding fluid accumulation and abnormal dilation of the blood vessels. Also called nonproliferative retinopathy.
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Basal rate
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A steady trickle of low levels of longer acting insulin, such as that used in insulin pumps.
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Beta cell
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A cell that produces insulin. Located in islets of pancreas.
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Biguanide
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A class of oral medicines used to treat type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver, and by helping the body to respond better to insulin.
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Blood glucose level
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The quantity of glucose in a given amount of blood. Usually noted in milligrams/deciliter or mg/dL.
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Blood glucose meter
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An instrument that measures blood glucose through a variety of methods.
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Blood glucose monitoring
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Checking blood glucose on a regular basis.
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Blood urea nitrogen
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A waste product in the blood from the breakdown of protein. As renal function decreases, BUN levels increase. See Creatinine
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Body Mass Index
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A measure employed to evaluate body weight relative to a persons height.
It is used to determine if an individual is underweight, normal or obese. To find BMI:- Multiply body weight in pounds by 703. Divide that number by height in inches. Divide that number by height in inches again. Below 18.5 is underweight. 18.5-24.9=normal 25-25.9=overweight 30.0 and above is obese |
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Bolus
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an extra quantity of insulin taken to cover an expected rise in blood glucose, often in association with a meal.
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Borderline diabetes
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Impaired glucose tolerance. High normal values to low abnormal ratios.
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Brittle diabetes
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When a person' blood glucose level moves often from low to high and from high to low.
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Calorie
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A unit representing the energy provided by food. Carbohydrates, protein and fat and alcohol provide calories in the diet. Carbs and protein have 4 calories per gram. Fat has 9/gram. Alcohol has 7/gram.
Quantity of energy required to raise 1 ml of H2O 1 degree on the Celsius scale. |
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Charcot's foot
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A condition in which the joints and soft tissue in the foot are destroyed. It results from nerve damage.
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Cheiroarthropathy
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Limited joint mobility.
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Chlopropramide
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. it lowers blood glucose levels by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes.
See sulfonylureas |
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C peptide
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Connecting peptide. a substance the pancreasreleases into the bloodstream in equal amounts to insulin. A test of C peptide levels shows how much insulin the body is making.
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Creatinine
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A protein waste product in the diet and from the muscles in the body.
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Dawn phenomenon
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The early morning, 4am-8am rise in blood glucose level.
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Dextrose
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Also called glucose. Simple sugar found in the blood that serves as the body's main source of energy.
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Diabeta
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See glyburide
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DCCT
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Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
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Diabetes Insipidus
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A condition characterized by frequent urination, excessive thirst and an overall feeling of weakness. It is caused by a defect in the pituitary gland. The hormone ADH is secreted insufficiently.
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Diabetic diarrhea
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Loose stools or fecal incontinence resulting from an overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine and diabetic neuropathy in the intestines.
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Diabetic ketacidosis
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An emergency condition in which very high glucose levels along with lack of insulin results in the breakdown of body fat for energy and an accumulation of ketones in the blood and urine.Signs are nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, fruity breath odor and rapid breathing.
Acetoacetate and Beta-hydroxybutyrate are typical fatty acids of this condition. |
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Diabetic myelopathy
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Damage to the spinal cord found in some diabetics.
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Diabetogenic
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Causing diabetes
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Dialysis
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The process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially. Hemodialysis.
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Peritoneal dialysis
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Cleaning the blood by using the lining of the abdomen(serosa) as a filter.
Cleansing solution is dialysate is infused from a bag into the abdomen. Fluids and waste flow through the lining of the belly and remains trapped in the dialysate. The dialysate is then drained from the abdomen, removing the extra fluid and wastes.. |
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D-phenylalanine
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A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose levels by helping the pancreas make more insulin right after meals. Also called Nateglinide.
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Dupuytren's contracture
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A condition associated with diabetes in which the fingers and the palm of the hand thicken and shorten causing the fingers to curve inward.
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Electromyelography
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A test used to detect nerve function. Measures electrical activity generated by muscles.
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Euglycemia
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A normal level of glucose.
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Fasting blood glucose test
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A check on a persons glucose level after the individual has not eaten for a minimum of 8-12 hours(usually overnight).It is employed to check for pre-diabetes and diabetes.
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50/50 insulin
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Premixed insulin that is 50% intermediate acting(NPH) insulin and 50% short acting(regular) insulin.
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Fluorescein angiography
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A test used to examine blood vessels in the eye. This is done by injecting dye into an arm vein and then taking photos as the dye goes through the eyes blood vessels.
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Fructosamine test
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Measures the quantity of blood glucose molecules linked to protein molecules in the blood. It provides information on the average blood glucose level for the past 3 prior weeks.
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Fructose
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A sugar that occurs naturally in fruits and honey. It has 4 calories /gm.
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Gangrene
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The death of body tissue, often caused by a lack of blood flow and infection. It can possibly lead to amputation.
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Gastroparesis
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A form of neuropathy that affects the stomach. Food digestion may be incomplete or delayed, resulting in nausea, vomiting or bloating, rendering the control of blood glucose difficult.
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Gestational diabetes
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A form of diabetes mellitus that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after delivery, but increases the risk that the mother will develop diabetes later.It is managed with meal planning, activity and insome cases, insulin.
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Gingivitis
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An inflammation of the gingiva or gums. Bleeding may occur. many diabeteis are more susceptible to this condition.
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Glargine insulin
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very long acting insulin. It may start to lower glucose levels within 1 hour after injection and continues to work for 24 hours after injection.
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Glaucoma
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An increase in fluid pressure inside the eye that can result in blindness.
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Glimepiride
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An oralmedicine used to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Glipizide
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An oral medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It belongs to the sulfonylureas category.
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Glucagon
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A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas. It raises blood glucose. Ther is an available injectable form, used to treat severe hypoglycemia.
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Glucophage
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See Metformin.
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Glucose
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One of the simplest form of sugar.
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Glucovance
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is a combination ogglyburide and metformin.
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Glyburide
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Glycemic index
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A ranking of carbohydrate containing foods based on the foods effect on blood glucose compared with a standard reference food.
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Glycosuria
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Presence of glucose in the urine.
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Gram
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A unit of weight in the metric system. 1 ounce = 28 grams.
Ex. 1 slice of bread has app. 15 grams of carbohydrate. |
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HDL cholesterol
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High density lipoproteincholesterol. A fat found in the blood that takes extra cholesterol from the blood to the liver for removal. Sometimes referred to as "the good cholesterol".
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Honeymoon phase
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Temporary remission of hyperglycemia that occurs in some people diagnosed in type 1 diabetes, when some insulin secretion resumes for a short time, usually a few months, before stopping again.
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Human leukocyte antigens(HLA)
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Proteins located on the service of the cell that help the immune system identify the cell either as one belonging to the body or as one from outside the body. Some patterns of these proteins may mean increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
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Hyperglycemia
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Excessive blood glucose. Fasting hyperglycemia is blood glucose above a desireable level after a person has fasted for at least 8 hours. Post prandial hyperglycemia is blood glucose above a desireable level 1-2 hours after a person has eaten.
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Hyperinsulinemia
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A condition in which the level of insulin in the blood is higher than normal. It is caused by overproduction of insulin by the body. Related to insulin resistance.
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Hyperlipidemia
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Higher than normal fat and cholesterol levels in the blood.
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Hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome.
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An emergency condition to which ones blood glucose level is very high and ketones are not present in the blood or urine. Untreated, it can lead to coma and death.
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Hypoglycemia
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A condition that occurs when ones blood glucose is lower than normal, usually less than 70mg/dl. Typical signs are hunger, nervousness, shakiness, perspiration, dizziness and lightheadedness. It can lead to unconsciousness
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Hypoglycemia unawareness
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A state in which a person does not feel or recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia. People who experience this may no longer notice or perceive the warning signs of it.
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Hypotension
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A sudden drop in blood pressure.
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IDDM
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Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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Impaired fasting glucose
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A condition in which a blood glucose to 12 hour fast, shows a level of glucose higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. IFG, also referred to as prediabetes is a level of 100mg/dl to 125 mg/dl. Most people with prediabetes are at an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes.
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Impaired glucose tolerance
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A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. IGT,also called prediabetes is a level of 140mg/dl-199mg/dl 2 hours after the start of an oral glucose tolerance test.
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`Implantable insulin pump
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A small pump placed inside the body to deliver insulin in responses to remote control commands from the user.
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Inhaled insulin
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An experimental treatment for taking insulin using a portable device that allows a person to breathe in insulin.
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Injection site rotation
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Changing the places on the body where insulin is injected. Rotation preventions the formation of lipodystrophies
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Insulin
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A hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. The beta cells of the pancreas make insulin. When the body cannot make sufficient insulin, insulin is taken by injection or through use of an insulin pump.
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Insulinoma
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A tumor of the beta cells in the pancreas. The body may produce too much insulin resulting in hypoglycemia.
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Insulin pen
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A device for injecting insulin that looks like a fountain pen and holds replaceable cartridges of insulin. Also available in disposable form.
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Insulin pump
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An insulin delivering device about the size of a deck of cards, usually carried or worn on a belt kept in an undisturbed pocket. It connects to narrow, flexible plastic tubing that ends with a needle inserted just under the skin. Users set the pump to give a steady trickle or basal amount of insulin of insulin continuously throughout the day. Pumps release bolus doses of insulin(several units at a time), at meals, and at times when blood glucose is too high, based on programming performed by the user.
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Insulin reaction
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When the level of glucose in the blood is too low(at ot below 70mg/Dl. Also referred to as hypoglycemia.
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Insulin receptors
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Areas on the outer part(cell membrane) that permit the cell to bindwith insulin in the blood.When both cell and insulin bind, the cell is able to take glucose from the blood and use it for energy.
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Intensive therapy
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A particular treatment for diabetesin which blood glucose is maintained as close as possible through frequent injections or use of an insulin pump, meal planning, adjustment of medicines, and exercise based on blood glucose test results and frequent contact with a persons health care team.
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Intermediate acting insulin
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A type of insulin that begins to lower blood glucose within 1-2 hours after injection and has its strongest effects 6-12 hours after injection, depending on the type used. See lente insulin and NPH.
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Intermittent claudication
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Pain that comes and goes in the muscles of the leg. This usually results from a lack of blood supply to the legs and usually occurs when walking or exercise.
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Intramuscular injection
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Inserting liquid medication into a muscle with a syringe. Glucagon may be given by subcutaneous injection or by intramuscular injection for hypoglycemia.
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Islet cell autoantibodies
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(ICA) Proteins found in the blood of people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. They are also found in people who may be developing type 1 diabetes. The presence of ICA indicates that the body' immunesystem has been damaging beta cells in the pancreas.
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Islet transplantation
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Moving the islets from a donor pancreas into a person whose pancreas has stopped producing insulin.
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Islets
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Groups of cells located in the pancreas that make hormones that help the body break down and use food.
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Juvenile diabetes
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Former term for IDDM, or type 1 diabetes.
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Ketone
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A chemical produced when there is a shortage of insulin in the blood and the body breaks down body fat for energy. High levels of ketones can lead to diabeteic ketoacidosis and coma. Also called ketone bodies).
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Ketonuria
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A condition occurring when ketones are present in the urine. It is usually a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Ketosis
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A ketone buildup in the body that may lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs of ketosis are nausea, vomting and stomach pain.
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Kissmaul breathing
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The rapid deep and labored breathing of people who have diabetic ketoacidosis.
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Lasar surgery
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See photocoagulation.
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lente insulin
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On average, lente insulin starts to lower blood glucose levels within 1-2 hours after injection. Its strongest effects are achieved after 8-12 hours post injection. It continues to work for 18-24 hours. Also called L insulin.
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Lipid profile
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A blood test that measures total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol. LDL is then calculated from the results. It measures and assesses risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Lipoatrophy
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Loss of fat under the skin resulting in the appearance of small dents. It may also be caused by the repeated injections of insulin in the same area or spot.
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Lipodystrophy
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Defect in the breaking down or building up of fat below the surface of the skin, resulting in lumps or small dents in the skin surface.
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Lipohypertrophy
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Buildup of fat below the surface of the skin.
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Lispro insulin
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A rapidly acting insulin. It starts to lower blood glucose within 5 minutes after injection. Its strongest effects are seen after 30 minutes. It may continue to work for 3 hours.
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Long acting insulin
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A type of insulin that starts to lower insulin within 4-6 hours after injection. It has its strongest effects after 10-18 hours.
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Low density lipo-protein
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A fat found in the blood that takes cholesterol around the body to where it is needed for cell repair and also deposits it on the inside of artery walls. Sometimes called " bad cholesterol".
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Macrosomia
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Abnormally large babies that are often born to truly diabetic mothers.
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Macrovasular disease
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Disease of the large blood vessels, such as those found in the heart.
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Macula
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The part of the retina in the eye used for reading and seeing fine detail.
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Maturity onset diabetes of the young(MODY form)
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A type of type 2 diabetes that accounts for 1-5% of people with diabetes. Of the six forms identified, each appears to be caused by a defect in a single gene.
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Meglitinide
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A class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin. (Repaglinide)
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Metabolism
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The term used for the way cells chemically change food so that it can be used to store or use energy and make the necessary fats, proteins and sugars needed by the body.
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Metformin
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes.It lowers blood glucose by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver and helping the body respond better to the insulin made in the pancreas. It belongs to the class of Biguanides.
Brand names- Glucophage. |
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mg/dL
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Milligrams per deciliter.A unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a specific amount of fluid. In the US, these tests are reported in mg/dL. Medical journals and other countries use millimoles per liter( mmol/L).
To convert to mg/dL from mmol/L, multiply mmol/L by 18. Ex.- 10mmol/L x18 =180mg/dL. |
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Microalbumin
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Small amounts of the protein called albumin in the urine detectable with a special lab test.
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Microaneurysm
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A small swelling that forms on the side of tiny blood vessels. They may break and allow blood to leak into nearby tissue. people with poorly controlled diabetes may get these in the retina.
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Microvascular disease
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Diseases of the smallest blood vessels, such as those found in the eyes, nerves and kidneys. The walls of the vessels become abnormally thick, but weak. They may bleed, leak protein and slow the flux of blood to cells.
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Miglitol
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It blocks the enzymes that digest starches in food. The result is a slower rise in blood glucose throughout the day, especially right after meals. It belongs to the group of Alpha glucosidase inhibitors.
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Monofilament
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A short piece of nylon, like a hairbrush bristle, mounted on a wand. It is used to check sensitivity of nerves in the foot by touching the filament to the bottom of the foot.
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Mononeuropathy
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Neuropathy affecting a single nerve.
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Nateglinide
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It klowers blood glucose levels by helping the pancreas make more insulin. Belongs to the D-phenylalanine derivatives,.
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Necrobiosis lipoidica diabetacorum
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A skin condition usually seen on the lower part of the legs. Lesions can be small or extend over a large area. They are usually raised, yellow and waxy in appearance and often have a purple border.
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Neovascularization
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The growth of new small blood vessels. In the retina this may lead to the loss of vision.
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Nephrologist
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A doctor specializing in the treatment of kidney problems. (Urologist)
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Nephropathy
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Disease of the kidneys. Hyperglycemia and hypertension can damage the kidneys glomeruli. protein may leak out of the kidneys and into the urine.
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Neuropathy
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Disease of the nervous system. The three major forms in people with diabetes are, peripheral neuropathy, autonomic n. and mononeuropathy. Peripheral is the most common form.
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Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring
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Measuring blood glucose without pricking the finger in order to obtain a blood sample.
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NPH insulin
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This is intermediate acting. NPH stands for Neutral Protomine Hagedorn. On average, NPH starts to lower blood glucose levels within 1-2 hours post-injection. Its strongest effects are seen 6-10 hours after injection, but continues to work about 10 hours after injection. Sometimes called N. insulin.
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Oral glucose tolerance
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A test to diagnose pre-diabetes and diabetes. It is administered by a health care professional after an overnight fast. A blood sample is taken, then the patient drinks a high glucose beverage. Blood samples are obtained at intervals for 2-3 hours. Results are compared with a standard.
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Oral hypoglycemic
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Medicines taken by mouth by people with type 2 diabetes in order to keep blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible.
Classes of oral hypoglycemic agents: Alpha glucosidase inhibitors Biguanides D-phenyalanine derivatives Meglitinides Sulfonylureas Thiazolidinediones |
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Pancreas
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An organ that makes insulin and enzymes for digestion.
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Pediatric endocrinologist
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A doctor who treats children who have endocrinopathies.
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Pedorthist
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A health care professional who specializes in fitting shoes for people with disabilities or deformities.
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Periodontal
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Disease of the gums.
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Peripheral vascular disease
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A disease of the large blood vessels of the arms, legs and feet. Signs are aching pains, and slow healing foot sores.
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Photocoagulation
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A treatment for diabetic retinopathy. A strong beam of light is used toseal off bleeding blood vessels in the eye and to burn away extra blood vessels that should not have grown in that area.
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Pioglitizone
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Oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps insulin take glucose from the blood into the cells for energy by making cells more sensitive to insulin. Class- Thiazolidinediones. Brand name is "Actos"
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Polydipsia
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Excessive thirst. May be a sign of diabetes.
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Polyphagia
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Excessive hunger. May be a sign of diabetes.
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Polyuria
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Excessive urination. May be a sign of diabetes.
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Post prandial blood glucose
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Blood glucose measurement taken approximately 1-2 hours after eating.
Preprandial- before. |
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Proinsulin
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The substance made first in the pancreas and then broken into several pieces to become insulin.
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Proliferative
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A condition in which fragile new blood vessels grow along the retina and into the vitreous humor of the eye.
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Prosthesis
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A synthetic substitute for a missing body part such as an arm or a leg.
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Proteinuria
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The presence of protein in the urine. This is usually a sign that the kidneys are not functioning properly.
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Rapid acting insulin
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A type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 5-10 minutes, and has its strongest effect within 30 minutes to 3 hours after injection. See aspart and lispro insulin.
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Rebound hyperglycemia
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A swing to a high level of glucose in the blood after a low level. See Somogyi effect.
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Regular insulin
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Short acting insulin.
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Renal threshold
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The blood glucose concentration at which the kidneys start to excrete glucose into the urine.
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Repaglinide
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps the pancreas make more insulin. Class-meglitinides
Brand name- Prandin |
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Retina
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The light sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye.
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Retinopathy
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Retinal diseases.
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Rosaglitazone
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. Belongs to class of thiazolidinediones.
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Saccharin
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A sweetener with no nutrition and no calories.
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Secondary diabetes
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A type of diabetes caused by another disease or by certain drugs or chemicals.
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70/30 insulin
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Premixed insulin that is 70% intermediate acting (NPH) insulin and 30% short acting (regular) insulin.
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Sliding scale
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A st of instructions for adjusting insulin on the basis of blood glucose test results, meals or activity levels.
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Somogyi effect
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Also called rebound hyperglycemia. when the blood glucose level swings high following hypoglycemia. It may follow an untreated hypoglycemic episode during the night and is caused by the release of stress hormones.
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Sorbitol
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A sugar alcohol sweetener with 4 calories per gram. A substance produced by the body in people with diabetes that can cause damage to the eyes and nerves.
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Stroke
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A condition caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain. May cause loss of ability to speak or to move parts of the body.
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Subcutaneous
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Putting a fluid into the tissue under the skin with a needle and syringe.
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Sucralose
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A sweetener made from sugar but with no calories and no nutritional value.
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Sucrose
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A two part sugar made of glucose and fructose. Known as table sugar. Found naturally in sugar cane and in beets.
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Sugar
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A class of carbohydrates, with a sweet taste, includes glucose, fructose and sucrose.
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Sugar alcohols
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Sweeteners that produce a smaller rise in blood glucose than other carbohydrates. Their calorie content is about 2 calories per gram. Includes erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol. Also known as polyols.
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Syndrome X
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See insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
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Tolazamide (Tolinase)
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use it. Class sulfonylurea
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Tobutamide
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An oral medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes. It helps the pancreas make more insulin. Sulfonylurea
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Triglyceride
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The storage form of fat in the body. Triglyceride levels are high when glucose control is irregular.
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Type 1 diabetes
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A condition characterized by high glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin. The body' immune system attacks the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas and destroys them. Also called , though not exclusively, Juvenile diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes
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A condition characterized by high glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body' inability to use insulin efficiently. Occurs more often in middle aged and older adults. Obesity is a predisposing factor.
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Ultralente insulin
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Long acting insulin. It starts to lower blood glucose levels within 4-6 hours. Its strongest effect occurs 10-18 hours after injection, It usually continues to work 24-28 hours after injection.
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Unit of insulin
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The basic measure of insulin. U-100 means 100 units of insulin per milliliter (mL) or cubic centimeter of solution. Most made today is U-100.
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Urea
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A waste product found in the blood that results from the nnormal breakdown of protein in the liver. It is normally removed in the blood by the kidneys and excreted into the urine.
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Uremia
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The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness and mental confusion are typical symptoms.
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Urine testing (urinalysis)
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Testing of a urine sample to diagnose diseases of the urinary system and other body systems.
Doctors may check for: glucose, protein, ketones etc. |
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Very long acting insulin
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A type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose levels within 1 hour after injection and keeps working for 24 hours after injection. See glargine insulin.
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Very low density lipo -protein
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Ratios of fat to protein are far apart. Usually related to cardiovascular disease.
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Vitrectomy
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A surgery to restore sight in which the surgeon removes the cloudy vitreous humor in the eye and replaces it with a salt solution.
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Vitreous humor
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The clear gel that lies behind the eye' lens and in front of the retina.
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Xylitol
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A carbohydrate based sweetener found in plants and used as a substitute for sugar, provides calories. It is found in some mints and chewing gum.
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