Diabetes Mellitus From Chapter 49 Of Med-Surg

Front 1

Polydipsia and polyuria related to diabetes mellitus are primarily due to.....

Back 1

fluid shifts resulting from the osmotic effect of hyperglycemia

Front 2

What is Basal insulin?

Back 2

Maintains background levels of insulin throughout the day

Front 3

What is bolus insulin?

Back 3

bolus insulin is used at mealtime to combat postprandial hyperglycemia and at bedtime.

Front 4

What is Lipodystrophy?

Back 4

(atrophy of subcutaneous tissue) may occur if the same injection sites are used frequently but its incidence has decreased with the use of human insulin.

Front 5

What is the Somogy effect?

Back 5

The Somogyi effect is a rebound effect in which an overdose of insulin induces hypoglycemia. Usually occurring during the hours of sleep, the Somogyi effect produces a decline in blood glucose level in response to too much insulin

Front 6

What is the dawn phenomenon?

Back 6

The dawn phenomenon is characterized by hyperglycemia that is present on awakening in the morning resulting from the release of counterregulatory hormones in the predawn hours.

Front 7

What are Oral Agents for Diabetes?

Back 7

Oral agents (OAs) are not insulin; they work to improve the mechanisms by which insulin and glucose are produced and used by the body. OAs work on the three defects of type 2 diabetes, including insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, and increased hepatic glucose production.

Front 8

What are sulfonylureas?

Back 8

Sulfonylureas are frequently the drugs of choice in treating type 2 diabetes because of the decreased chance of prolonged hypoglycemia. The primary action of the sulfonylureas is to increase insulin production from the pancreas.

Front 9

What are meglitinides?

Back 9

Meglitinides increase insulin production from the pancreas. But because they are more rapidly absorbed and eliminated, they offer a reduced potential for hypoglycemia.

Front 10

What is metformin?

Back 10

Metformin (Glucophage) is a biguanide glucose-lowering agent. The primary action of metformin is to reduce glucose production by the liver.

Front 11

What are a-Glucosidase inhibitors?

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α-Glucosidase inhibitors, also known as “starch blockers,” work by slowing down the absorption of carbohydrate in the small intestine.

Front 12

What are thiazolidinediones?

Back 12

Sometimes referred to as “insulin sensitizers,” thiazolidinediones are most effective for people who have insulin resistance. They improve insulin sensitivity, transport, and utilization at target tissues.

Front 13

What is pramlintide?

Back 13

Pramlintide (Symlin) is a synthetic analog of human amylin, a hormone secreted by the β cells of the pancreas. When taken concurrently with insulin, it provides for better glucose control.

Front 14

What is exenatide?

Back 14

Exenatide (Byetta) is a synthetic peptide that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic β cells. Exenatide is administered using a subcutaneous injection.

Front 15

What should the nutritional diet for diabetes consist of?

Back 15

In a general diabetic meal plan, carbohydrates and monounsaturated fat should provide 45% to 65% of the total energy intake each day. Fats should compose no more than 25% to 30% of the meal plan’s total calories, with less than 7% of calories from saturated fats and protein contributing less than 10% of the total energy consumed.

Front 16

How does alcohol effect diabetes?

Back 16

Alcohol is high in calories, has no nutritive value, and promotes hypertriglyceridemia. Patients should be cautioned to honestly discuss the use of alcohol with their health care providers because its use can make blood glucose more difficult to control.

Front 17

how does exercise effect diabetes?

Back 17

• Regular, consistent exercise is considered an essential part of diabetes and prediabetes management. Exercise increases insulin receptor sites in the tissue and can have a direct effect on lowering the blood glucose levels.