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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main defnition of diabetes?
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Glucose rich urine
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What are the symptoms of diabetes?
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Hyperglycemia
Polyuria Polydipsia Ketonuria Weight Loss |
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What is the defect in Type 1?
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Destruction of pancreatic beta cells by immune system
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What is the defect in Type 2?
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Combination of Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
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How does the cell become resistant to insulin?
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Reduced binding of insulin
Reduced receptors Reduced receptor affinity |
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Ketoacidosis occurs when (hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia) is allowed to persist.
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Hyperglycemia
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Hyperglycemia causes ____ and ___ injury.
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Macrovascular
Microvascular |
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What are common conditions found with diabetes?
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CVD
Retinopathy Nephropathy Sensory and Motor Neuropathy Gastroparesis Amputation ED |
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What is the diabetes that is found only during pregnancy?
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Gestational diabetes
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What are the three tests for diabetes?
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Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Casual Plasma Glucose Oral Glucose Tolerance Test |
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FPG is taken __ hours after the last ____.
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8
meal |
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What are treatments for Type 1 diabetes?
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Controlling carbohydrate intake
Insulin Replacement |
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What are the treatments for Type 2?
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Glycemic Control with Diet and Exercise
Drug Therapy |
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What dose the Glycated Hemoglobin test measure?
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Average Glucose Levels over last 2-3 months
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With prolonged levels of ____ levels of HbA1c _____.
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hyperglycemia
increase |
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Where is insulin made?
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Beta cell of the pancreas
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Insulin promotes (release/conservation) of energy stores.
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Conservation
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Insulin deficiency puts the body in a (anabolic/catabolic)
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Catabolic
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What are the three short duration rapid acting insulins?
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Insulin lispro
Insulin Aspart Insulin Glulisine |
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What are the intermediate duration insulins?
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NPH
Insulin detemir |
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What is the long lasting insulin?
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Insulin glargine
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NPH has a (immediate/delayed) onset of action and a (shorter/longer) duration of action.
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delayed
longer |
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Insulin detemir is slow onset with a dose-dependant duration of action.
T or F |
True
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All insulins are clear and colorless solutions.
T or F |
False
NPH is the only exception |
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What insulin is appropriate for mixing with short acting insulin?
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NPH
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What the the delivery device of Exubera?
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Inhalation
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All vials of insulin must be refrigerated.
T or F |
False
Unopened vials should be refrigerated while a vial in use can be kept at room temperature for a month |
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What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?
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Tachycardia
Palpitations Sweating Nervousness |
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What is the feature of Conventional Therapy?
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Regular insulin with NPH twice daily before morning and evening meals
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What is the feature of Intensive Conventional Therapy?
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Insulin Glargine in evening with regular insulin before each meal
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Dose of insulin are (the same/adjusted) in ICT to the meals caloric content.
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adjusted
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What is the feature of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion?
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Portable infusion pump
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What are the drug interactions of insulin?
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Agents that lower or raise blood sugar
Beta Blockers |
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How does sulfonylureas work?
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promote release of insulin
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____ is the prototype of the sulfonylureas.
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Tolbutamide
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What is Tolbutamide?
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Sulfonylurea
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What is the use of Tolbutamide?
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Type 2
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What are the drug interactions of Tolbutamide?
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Alcohol
Beta Blockers Hypoglycemic agents |
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What do Meglitinides do?
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Stimulate release of insulin
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What are the two meglitinide drugs?
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Repaglinide
Nateglinide |
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What family of drugs is metformin part of?
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Biguanides
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What does metformin do?
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Decreases production of glucose in liver
Enhances glucose uptake |
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What are the uses of metformin?
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Prevention of Type 2
Type 2 |
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What the the adverse affects of metformin?
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Lactic Acidosis
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What are the drug interactions with metaformin?
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Alcohol
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What do thiazolidinediones do?
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Decrease insulin resistance
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What are the two thiazolidinediones available?
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Rosiglitazone
Pioglitazone |
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How do thiazolidinediones work?
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Activate PPAR-gamma
Turn on insulin-responsive genes |
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What do Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors do?
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Delay absorption of carbohydrates
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What are the two Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
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Acarbose
Miglitol |
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What are the adverse effects of Acarbose?
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GI effects
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How does Pramlintide work?
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Reduce postpradial levels of glucose
Suppress glucagon secretion |
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What is the treatment for ketoacidosis?
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Insulin replacement
Bicarbonate for acidosis |
