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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the diagnosis for Diabetes Mellitus?
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-More than one fasting glucose level greater or equal to 126.
-Plasma glucose level in the 2nd hr of the standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is greater or equal to 200, confirmed on subsequent day -random plasma glucose level greater than 200, confirmed with classic symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia |
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Normal fasting glucose level is _________ in the morning
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less than 110
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Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) is ________
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110-126
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Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is _________
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140-200
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What is the oral glucose tolerance test?
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administration of a 75g oral glucose load after a 10hr fast followed by measurement of plasma glucose 2hrs later
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What is glycosylated hemoglobin?
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how much glucose a blood cell will be exposed to in 120 days
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What % is normal glycosylated hemoglobin?
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6% or less
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What % is a diabetic glycosylated hemoglobin?
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7% or more
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What was type 1 diabetes called?
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insulin dependent diabetes
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What is the % of type I in the western world?
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10%
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What are the causes of type I?
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genetic and environmental
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How many % have a first degree relative with type I?
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10-13%
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Type I is immune related which means...
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auto-antibodies against inulin have been noted in many cases
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Type I is characterized by a lack of _______ and a relative excess of _______
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lack of insulin and excess of glucose
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Who is most commonly diagnosed with type I?
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whites younger than 30yrs
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What is the classic symptom of type I?
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weight loss
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What are the symptoms associated with type I?
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hyperglycemia
loss of glucose in urine polyuria polydipsia |
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Is ketoacidosis in type I or type II?
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type I
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what is ketoacidosis?
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increased glucose and ketones and makes breath smell fruity and sweet
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What does insulin do in type I?
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reduces the blood glucose level
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What are the types of insulin?
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rapid (regular) insulin- fast acting
NPH-intermediate active insulin- takes longer long acting insulin- day long (ex: glargene) |
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Is type I or type II more common?
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type II
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What is the % of obese in type II?
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60-80%
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The most powerful risk factor for type II is...
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obesity
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Type II has _____ resistance with ____________ secretion
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Type II has insulin resistance with inadequate insulin secretion
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Who does type II generally affect?
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those older than 30yrs
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Those with type II are often...
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overweight, dyslipidemic (high cholesterol), and hypertensive
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What is the cause of type II?
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genetic susceptibility triggered by environmental factors
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What does sulfonylureas do?
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stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells
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What does thiazolidinedrones do?
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increases insulin sensitivity, particularly in adipose tissue
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What are the acute complications of DM?
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hypoglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis |
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What is hypoglycemia?
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low blood sugar
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What are the numbers for hypoglycemia in infants and adults?
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infants- below 35
adults- below 45-60 |
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When does diabetic ketoacidosis develop?
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when there is an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin and an increase in insulin counteregulatory hormones: catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone
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Which type does diabetic ketoacidosis usually occur with?
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type I
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What are the four chronic complications of DM?
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diabetic neuropathies
micro-vascular disease macro-vascular disease infection |
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What is micro-vascular diasease?
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thickening of capillaries in extremities, retna of eye and kidneys
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What accompanies micro-vascular disease?
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retinopathy- retna ascempia
diabetic nephropathy- destruction of kidneys due to damage of glumaria |
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What accompanies macro-vascular disease?
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coronary arterty disease
stroke peripheral vascular disease |
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what is macro-vascular disease?
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athrosclerosis, thickening of arteries
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Macro-vascular disease is most common with which type?
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type II
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what is peripheral vascular disease?
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increase incidence of ganglian
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