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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are some things to determine what is abnormal? (5)



1) is it violating a norm in society?


2) how statistically rare is the behaviour/trait


3) personal discomfort (with children, they may not realize that something is abnormal and it doesn’t bother them, but their family etc may know and be bothered)


4) maladaptive behaviour


5) deviation form Ideal (not used officially but clinically)- child is deviating from our expectations

define abnormal behaviour. How can we define disability and risk



a patter of symptoms associated with distress or disability, associated with increased risk down the line, and is maladaptive;



Disability and risk can be defined by adaptational failure - failure to reach developmental milestones and lack of progress along adaptive developmental trajectories

Stats on mental illness in minors

-1 in 8 children has a sig mental health problem


- 1 in 10 meet criteria for diagnosis


- less than 10% receive services


- effectiveness of many common services unknown

Look at epidemiological factors (gender, poverty, culture) What is taijin kyofusho?



Gender (social and biologically): see differences in timing of disorders - males show higher disorders rates (ADHD, conduct) in childhood. Females show higher rats of disorders in adolescence (depression, eating disorders).. We also see differences in the form of disorders- males externalizing, females internalizing



Poverty- i in 6 children live in poverty, and this is linked to many disorders



Culture- meaning of behaviours of symptoms varies (in urban places, setting fires might imply conduct disorder, whereas Aboriginals have this as part of their culture. Same thing goes for gender- depression in men vs women.) Expression of symptom varies: social anxiety, Impact also varies by disorder- less cultural impact on more neurobiological disorders


Taijin kyofusho= fear of offending others through ones social awkwardness.


Diathesis- Stress model: what is a diathesis and what is a stress?



diathesis- underlying vulnerability or tendency toward disorder coud be biological, contextual, behavioural, or experience-based (biological, behavioural, cognitive, emotional, evolutionary, family)


Stress- situation or challenge that calls on resources. Typically thought of as external ngative events



*under stress, diathesis increases the likelihood of disorder

Why is the diathesis- stress model good?



- organizes thinking about nature and nurture and doesn’t make it out to be one or the other


- focuses on neural plasticity in response to environment


- Simple Foundation for complex theories - interaction between stress and diathesis makes disorder more probable.

multifinality vs equifinality



Multifinality- same experience can cause different outcomes


Equifinality- multiple ways to get to the same end point

Scientific method; Nosology



theory and prior research— research question— hypothesis— measurement methods— research design— data collection— interpretation;


NOSOLOGY=


- classification of disease


- the organization of behavioural and emotional dysfuntions into meaningful groups- DSMV


What are advantages and disadvantages of the categorical approach?



Advantages of the categorical approach


- synthesis of information


- aids communication between clinicians



Disadvantages


- children often do not fit in categories


- comorbidity


- impaired but doesn’t meet criteria


- loss of information - two very dif people can fit into same criteria


- current categories proving inadequate for genetic and neuroscience research


What is research domain criteria RDoC? Advantages and disadvantages?



- rather then using diagnostic categories, move towards assessing key dimensions like anger resolution or negative affect


- Dimensiona, measurement- independent traits/dimensions of behaviour exist, people are higher or lower on those dimensions


- Advantages: we retain information that the categories throw out , and provides a measure of severity


- Disadvantages: which dimensions? becomes complicated very quickly

What does the categorical approach imply that the dimensional approach does not?



categorical approach implies that someone who has a disorder is fundamentally different that someone who is not


dimensional approach doesn’t assume this- it says that dysfunction is present in everyone, and it just varies in degrees

What is Reliability? 3 types?✔

- reliability- consistency- if its not reliable its not valid. But horoscopes are ex of things that are reliable but not valid


types:


- interrater reliability- can two clinicians agree that a child has ADHD?


- internal consistency- are reports of symptoms consistent?


- test-retest reliability (be careful bc some things like mood are supposed to change and fluctuate)

What is validity? 5 types (internal, external, convergent, discrim, criterion)?✔

- valid= im measuring what i think im measuring


Types:


- external validity: the degree to which findings can be generalized to people/situations other than the ones in the study


-Internal validity: how much a particular variable rather than other things, accounts for the results/changes


- Convergent validity - are scores on the readers relate to other measures of the same construct? new scale of depression should be correlated with older versions


- Discriminant validity- your new scale of depression should not be very highly correlated with a scale of anxiety


- criterion-related validity- how well a measure predicts behaviour in settings where we would expect it to do so (whether scores on a measure can be used for their intended purpose)


What are some points that distinguish adult and child disorders? (4) ✔

- children are usually referred by parents, teachers etc not by themselves- it makes it less clear whos problem it is


- many child problems involve failure to show developmental progress


- many problem behaviours arent abnormal when seen in youth


- interventions for children are often needed to promote further development rather than to simply restore a previous level of functioning

Describe some of the history of childrens health from a public perspective

- prior to 18th century childrens mental health was not considered


- Stubborn Child Act 1654 allowed murder and in mid 1800s developmental kids kept in cellars


- Locke was a major player in creating a social conscience about childrens health + rearing


- jean Itard took in a developmental kid (Victor of Aveyron) and cared for him, sparking an new era


- Dorothea Dix established 32 humane childrens hospitals, saving them from cellars

what was the first disorder unique to children/adolescents? What were the two major psychological paradigms in the twentieth century?



Masturbatory insanity- 19th century;



Freuds psychoanalytic theory and behaviourism

Describe freud's psychoanalytic theory (4)

- believed many disorders started in childhood, were shaped by experiences, and had many different roots


- believed that people could be helped- radical!


- shifted view of children from innocent to humans in turmoil struggling to control biological needs


- Freud attempted to describe the development of the disorder in the context of childs development, whereas no we look for common denominators that describe the manifestations of a disorder at any age

Describe Behaviourism in history. Who were the major figures?

- brought evidence-based treatment and classical


conditioning


- little Albert


- John Watson= father of behaviourism


apparently we can also thank him for sex in advertising

Define competence



a childs ability to adapt successfully to an environment. what is " successful changes across cultures"


developmental tasks can help us assess competence


for ex. preschoolers should have attachment and develop language skills;


middle childhood kids should have self- control. school adjustment and be able to follow rules; Adolescents should have same and dif sex friendships, academic achievement and form self-identity

developmental pathway

the sequence and timing of particular behaviours and possible relationships between behaviours over time


- allows us to see development as active and changing


- equifinality vs multifinality

risk factor vs protective factor; resilliance

a variable that precedes a negative outcome and increases its chances of happening vs a personal /situational factor that reduces the chances of developing disorder;



resilliance varies with context, stress etc, although it is seen across cultures


- some examples are: sociable, self-efficacy, confidence, close relationships, social organizations

Which children disproportionately have mental disorders? (5) ✔

- from disadvantaged families and areas- can cause poor prefrontal development


- abuse and neglected children


- inadequate child care


- born with low birth weight due to mother smoking, drugs etc.


- born to parents with mental illness or abuse problems

When do we see more resillance in girls? boys?

in households that combine risk taking and independence with support from a female careegiver; in households with a male caregiver, rules, structure and some encouragement

in a phone survey of 12-17 year olds, ___% met the criteria for PTSD MDD or substance abuse in relation to acts of family violence

16 boys 19 girls

What is the main focus for developmental psychopathology? What three assumptions are made? ✔

Viewing abnormal behaviour in relation to what is normative for a given period of development


1) that abnormal behaviour is multiply determined- not one thing causing it but a number of factors interacting in past and present


2) Child and the environment are interdependent- different children elicit dif reactions in same environ and vice versa - this relationship aka a transaction where both factors are active contributors


3) abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities: Continuity= developmental changes are gradual and quantitative, Discontinuity = changes are abrupt and qualitative. Conduct disorders have continuity, whereas eating disorders more discontinuous. Some disorders have both, as does normal behaviour**



Developmental cascades ✔

the processes by which a child's previous interactions and experiences may spread across other systems and alter his/her course of development - this explains how a child who struggles in one domain may be effected in others (curiosity---learning to read)

Describe what is meant by an integrative approach. What is adaptation failure?



a perspective that takes into account important variables derived from all of the models -biological, psychological. For ex, using biology to point out how cognition and behaviour may interact;


failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones - children differ from others their age

Organization of development perspective; sensitive periods ✔

early patterns of adaptation like speech sounds and eye movements evolve over time and transform into higher order functions like speech;


sensitive periods are windows of time during which environmental influences on development (good and bad) are enhanced

List the three major perspectives on abnormal child behaviour

biological- genetic, neurobiological, often established at birth



psychological - emotions, relationships, thought



familial, social cultural influences

neural plasticity

the brains anatomical differentiation is use-dependent, meaning that an individuals core 'personality' is not set in stone at an early age as Freud believed, but undergoes continual changes as environmental demands change.

Briefly, how does DNA work

a gene - a stretch of DNA- produces a protein which do not cause behaviours but produce tendencies to respond to the environment in certain ways



*Remember epigenisis = geneXenvironment interaction

behavioural genetics; how to researchers study this?

investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behaviour


- researchers often begin by creating family aggregation studies which look at nonrandom clustering of disorders/characteristics within a family compared to the population- cant control for environmental variables


- also use twin and adoption studies

molecular genetics

research method that directly assesses the association between variations in DNA and variations in particular traits

where is epinephrine produced? HPA and stress regulation

the adrenal glands;


hypothalamus sectrtes Corticotropin releasing hormone CRH which stimulates pituitary to produce ACTH andrenochorticotropic hormone causing the adrenal glands to release cortisol the stress hormone. cortisol then inhibits CRH production modulating stress

Roles of GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in psychopathology

GABA: anxiety


Dopamine: schiz, mood disorders, ADHD


Norep: regulates behavioural tendencies


serotonin: eating and sleeping disorders, OCD, schiz and mood disorders


Emotional reactivity vs emotional regulation/dysregulation ✔

differences in threshold and intensity of emotional reaction; enhancing, maintaining or inhibiting emotional arousal. regulation= problems with weak/absent control. dysregulation= existing control structures operate maladaptively

temperament & the three dimensions ✔


childs organized style of behaviour that appears in early development- like fearful, or fussy. It affects how others handle them, how they see the world, and how they develop self-control (fearful/cautious= more self-control)


1) positive affect and approach- easy child


2) fearful or inhibited- slow-to warm- up


3) negative affect/ irratibility- difficult child



diagnosing children with personality disorders ✔

** personality disorders are rarely diagnosed until adulthood, but according to the DSM if you must diagnose a child under 18 with one, the features must have to have been present for at least a year and unlikely to be due to a particular developmental stage


- the exception is antisocial personality disorder which must be diagnosed over 18 years old

cognitive vs behavioural theorists ✔

behavioural focuses on the behaviour in a particular situation rather than stable traits and does not imply knowledge about the origin of behaviour


cognitive theorists are interested in how certain thought patterns develop over time and how hey relate to a particular behavioural strategy like problem solving

Applied behaviour analysis (AbA) ✔

examines relationships between behaviour and its antecedents/consequences, known as functional approach to behaviour


- based on positive and negative reinforcement, and extinction and punishment

Caspe et al study on temperament style (5 types seen)

- looked at connection between temperament style and personality traits as adults


- the children classified as as undercontrolled (irritable, restless, impulsive) had more negative emotions in adulthood, got more easily upset and felt betrayed


- children classified as inhibited (fearful, easily upset) were considered unassertive and had little pleasure in life in adulthood


- children classified as confident (friendly and exploratory) were more extroverted


- children classified as reserved (timid, uncomfortable) were introverted in adulthood


- well-adjusted children (behaved in age appropriate manner) were also well-adjusted adults

social learning; social cognition

behaviour may be learned indirectly through vicarious learning; how children think of themselves and others and the world

attachment begins...✔ types of attachment (4) and which disorders they may lead to

establishing emotional bond with caregiver= between 6 and 12 months


1) secure- explores, but seeks contact when distressed


2) insecure: anxious avoidant type: explores, but doesnt want contact, little wariness of strangers= more likely conduct disorders


3) insecure: anxious resistant type: doesnt explore, wary of strangers, may not settle with caregiver= more likely phobias, anxiety, depression


4) disorganized: no consistent pattern = generally more likely to have personality disorders

compare interview, questionnaire, observation as methods

Interview: structured/semi, probe and clarify, need lots of time, relies on peoples perceptions and willingness to report, requires coding of answers



Questionnaire: structured, no opportunity for probes, little investigator time needed, relies on willingness to report, little data analysis needed



Observation: structured or not, extensive time needed, what is observed may be effected by presence of examiner, data analysis depends on complexity of the observation

naturalistic observation vs structured observation; strange situation procedure

observations in child's natural environment vs specific tasks / instructions usually carried out in lab ;


a structured observation where the child must use the caregiver as a source of comfort during a distress- allows us to see attachment styles

true experiment vs a natural experiment ✔

in a true experiment the researcher has maximum control over the independent variable/conditions and can control biases;


in a natural experiment, comparisons are made between conditions / treatments that already exist

Analogue research; single-case experiments; A-B-A-B reversal designs ✔

looks at a specific variable of interest under conditions that only resemble/approximate the situation in life;


frequently used to evaluate the impact of a clinical treatment on a childs problem. The participant often serves as his own control, trying all treatments, and behaviour is repeatedly assessed


baseline behaviour taken (A), then an intervention (B) then remove intervention (A) then reintroduce it (B)

multiple-basedline design ✔

different responses of the same individual are identified and measured over time to provide a baseline against which change may be evaluated. then you modify one behaviour at a time, ensuring all else is constant. Chang must only occur from the treatment, and must only happen to the behaviours and situations we want it to. This allows for a cause and effect relationship between treatment and particular behaviour to be inferred

Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Case Experiments ✔

Advantage: internal validity, temporal ordering, A changes B


Disadvantage: External validity (often goes down as internal validity goes up), can be hard to interperet, ethics