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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nature
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our biological endowment; the GENES we receive from our parents
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nurture
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the ENVIRONMENTS, both physical and social, that influence our development
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continuous development
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the idea that changes with age occur GRADUALLY, in small increments.
e.g. pine tree growing taller and taller |
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discontinuous development
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the idea that changes with age include OCCASIONAL LARGE SHIFTS
e.g. caterpillar - cocoon - butterfly |
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stage theories
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development involves a series of DISCONTINUOUS, age-related phases
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variation
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DIFFERENCES in thought and behavior within and among individuals
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selection
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the most frequent SURVIVAL and reproduction of organisms that are well ADAPTED to their environment
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sociocultural context
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the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up any child's environment
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socioeconomic status
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a measure of SOCIAL class based on INCOME and EDUCATION
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hypothesis
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educated guesses
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reliability
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the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are CONSISTENT.
- interrater reliability, test-retest reliability |
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interrater reliability
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the amount of AGREEMENT in the observations of different RATERS who witness the same behavior
cf. test-retest reliability |
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test-retest reliability
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the degree of SIMILARITY of a child's performance on TWO or MORE occasions
cf. interrater reliability |
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validity
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the degree to which a test measures what is INTENDED to measure.
- internal/external validity |
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internal validity
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the degree to which EFFECTS observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables that the researcher INTENTIONALLY manipulated
cf. external validity |
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external validity
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the degree to which results can be GENERALIZED beyond the particulars of the research
cf. internal validity |
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structured interview
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a research procedure in which ALL participants are asked to answer the SAME QUESTIONS
cf. clinical interview |
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clinical interview
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a procedure in which questions are ADJUSTED in accord with the answers the interviewee provides
- IN-DEPTH info about specific interviewee cf. structured interview |
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interview
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++: 1. reveal children's SUBJECTIVE experience
2. inexpensive, quick, in-depth data 3. FLEXIBILITY for following unexpected comments - -: 1. BIASED 2. INACCURATE, INCOMPLETE 3. PREDICTIONS of future often INACCURATE |
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naturalistic observation
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study children's behavior in their EVERYDAY SETTINGS
++: 1. useful for describing behavior in USUAL setting 2. illuminate SOCIAL INTERACTION processes. - -: 1. diff. to know WHICH ASPECTS of situation are most INFLUENTIAL. 2. LIMITED value for studying INFREQUENT behaviors. |
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structured observation
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- each child is presented an IDENTICAL LAB SITUATION.
++: 1. can observe children's behavior in the SAME CONTEXT 2. allows CONTROLLED COMPARISON of children's behavior in different situations (<--> naturalistic observation) - -: 1. context is LESS NATURAL 2. reveals LESS about in-depth SUBJECTIVE experience (<--> interviews) |
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variables
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attributes that VARY across individuals and situations
e.g. age, gender, and expectations |
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correlational designs
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studies intended to indicate how VARIABLES are RELATED to each other
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correlation
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the association between two variables
- |
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correlation coefficient
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a statistic that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation
1.0 (strong positive) to -1.0 (strong negative) |
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direction-of-causation problem
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the concept that a correlation between two variables does NOT indicate which, if either, variable is the CAUSE of the other
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third-variable problem
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the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some THIRD VARIABLE.
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experimental designs
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- random assignment, experimental control
++: 1. allow CAUSAL inferences 2. naturalistic experiments can demonstrate cause-effect connections in NATURAL setting. - -: 1. experimental control often leads to ARTIFICIAL situations. 2. CANNOT be used to study many differences of variables (age, sex, temperament..) c.f. correlational design |
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independent variable
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the experience that children in the EXPERIMENTAL group receive, NOT in the CONTROL group
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dependent variable
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a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is AFFECTED by exposure to the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
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naturalistic experiments
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a type of experimental design in which data are collected in EVERYDAY SETTINGS.
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cross-sectional design
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- children of DIFFERENT AGES are studied at a SINGLE TIME.
++: 1. useful data about differences among age groups 2. quick and easy to administer - -: 1. uninformative about STABILITY of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES over time. 2. uninformative about similarities and differences in individual's PATTERNS OF CHANGE. cross-sectional / longitudinal / microgenetic |
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longitudinal design
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- children are examined REPEATEDLY over a PROLONGED period of time.
++: 1. indicates STABILITY of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES over long periods. 2. reveals individual's PATTERNS OF CHANGE. - -: 1. difficult to keep all participants in study. 2. repeated testing can threaten EXTERNAL VALIDITY. cross-sectional / longitudinal / microgenetic |
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microgenetic design
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- children are observed INTENSELY over a SHORT TIME while a change is occurring.
++: 1. reveal PROCESS OF CHANGE 2. reveals individual CHANGE PATTERNS over short periods in detail. - -: uninformative about patterns of change and individual change patterns over LONG PERIODS. cross-sectional / longitudinal / microgenetic |
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direction-of-causation problem
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the concept that a correlation between two variables does NOT indicate which, if either, variable is the CAUSE of the other
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third-variable problem
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the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some THIRD VARIABLE.
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experimental designs
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- random assignment, experimental control
++: 1. allow CAUSAL inferences 2. naturalistic experiments can demonstrate cause-effect connections in NATURAL setting. - -: 1. experimental control often leads to ARTIFICIAL situations. 2. CANNOT be used to study many differences of variables (age, sex, temperament..) c.f. correlational design |
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independent variable
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the experience that children in the EXPERIMENTAL group receive, NOT in the CONTROL group
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dependent variable
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a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is AFFECTED by exposure to the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
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naturalistic experiments
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a type of experimental design in which data are collected in EVERYDAY SETTINGS.
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cross-sectional design
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- children of DIFFERENT AGES are studied at a SINGLE TIME.
++: 1. useful data about differences among age groups 2. quick and easy to administer - -: 1. uninformative about STABILITY of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES over time. 2. uninformative about similarities and differences in individual's PATTERNS OF CHANGE. cross-sectional / longitudinal / microgenetic |
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longitudinal design
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- children are examined REPEATEDLY over a PROLONGED period of time.
++: 1. indicates STABILITY of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES over long periods. 2. reveals individual's PATTERNS OF CHANGE. - -: 1. difficult to keep all participants in study. 2. repeated testing can threaten EXTERNAL VALIDITY. cross-sectional / longitudinal / microgenetic |
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microgenetic design
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- children are observed INTENSELY over a SHORT TIME while a change is occurring.
++: 1. reveal PROCESS OF CHANGE 2. reveals individual CHANGE PATTERNS over short periods in detail. - -: uninformative about patterns of change and individual change patterns over LONG PERIODS. cross-sectional / longitudinal / microgenetic |
