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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empirical
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Based on Data; Demonstrations; Facts.
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Nature
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The influence of genes
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Nurture
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Environmental influences
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Critical Period
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A time when something mus occur to ensure normal development;
As it's ever going to happen. |
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Sensitive Period
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When particular development occurs most easily,it's common;
(It could happen later.) |
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dynamic systems theory
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A view of human development as an ongoing,ever-changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect or his or her environment, including the family and society.
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life-span perspective
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An approach to the study of human development that takes into account ALL PHASES OF LIFE, not just childhood or adulthood.
Paul and Margret Baltes |
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5 stages of life-span perspective
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• multi-directional
• multi-contextual • multicultural • multidisciplinary • plastic |
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multi-directional perspective
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Change!
Continuity(sameness) and discontinuity(sudden shifts) Over time,human characteristics change in multiple ways, increasing, decreasing,or holding steady;in a line, a curve,or up and down. When and how and whether stages occur. |
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multi-contextual
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occurring in many contexts, including surroundings and family constellations.
historical contexts economic constraints family patterns |
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ecological-systems approach/bio-ecological theory
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The view that in the study of human development,the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life.
Urie Bronfenbrenner |
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How bio-ecological works?(Three nested levels)
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microsystems(elements of the immediate surroundings.ex.family and friends)
exo(外)systems (local institutions such as school) macrosystems( cultural values, policies) |
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cohort
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people born within a few years of one another.
ex.baby boom generation Historical Context |
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socioeconomic status(SES)/social class
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a person's position in society as determined by income.wealth,occupation, education...
affects people lifelong Socioeconomic Context |
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multicultural
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recognizes that cultural promotes customs,values,and perceptions that guide human life.
Culture is not the same as ethnicity! |
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ethnic group
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people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language,culture, and religion.
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race
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a group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other group on the basis of physicals appearance.
a social construction not biology! |
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multidisciplinary
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from various disciplines...
biological cognitive social |
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mirror neurons
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cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action.
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plastic
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two aspects of development:
human traits can be molded/open to change(as plastic) people maintain a certain durability of identity(connected to prior events) |
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experiment
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cause-and effect relationship between two variables: the independent variable and the dependent variable
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scientific observation
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a method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants's behavior in a systematic and objective manner in a natural setting.
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survey
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information is collected from a large number of people by interviews,written questionnaires, or some other means.
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cross-sectional research
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a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics...
collect data once,compare groups;any difference are the result of age. |
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longitudinal research
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the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.
collect data multiple times.results of passage of time or historical changes. |
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cross-sequential research
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study groups of people who are of different ages(cross sectional) and follow them over the years(longitudinal)
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correlation
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from +1.0~-1.0
indicates only two variables are related not one cause the other to occur!! positive means two variables tend to increase/decrease together! negative means one variable increases and the other decreases! 0 means there is no connection! a third variable may be the cause |
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quantitative research
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data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales
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qualitative research
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descriptions of particular conditions and participants' expressed ideas....ex. open ended questions
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codes of ethics
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a set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to follw
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Institutional Review Board(IRB)
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a group that exists within most educational and medical institutions whose purpose is to ensure that research follows established guidelines and remain ethical
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retrospective study
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A retrospective study looks back at what happened to a group of people in the past.
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sample bias
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are subjects representative of the broader population?
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measurement bias
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are the instruments reliable & valid?
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observer-expectancy bias
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use blind observation to avoid expectancy
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subject-expectancy bias
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can create a placebo effect – can be avoided by a double-blind procedure; or the use of a control group(not exposed to any experimental treatment)
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inferential statistic
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help researchers decide how confident they can be that the results were not due to chance
calculate the probability that findings are the result of chance rather than experimental effect described as the level of significance and referred to as p results are described as statistically significant if the value of p is less than .05 (5 percent) |
