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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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understand the influence of growth hormone
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The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth. Growth Hormone ( GH ) is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals. Ex. Children who lack GH reach an avg of 4 ft 4 inches, when treated early with injections of GH they reach an average height and grow at a natural rate.
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understand the influence of thyroid stimulating hormone
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A second pituitary hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH ), prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have its full impact on the body size. Ex infants born with a thyroxine deficiency must receive it at once or they will be mentally retarded.
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what happens to infants born with a deficiency of thyroxine?
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They must receive it at once or they will become mentally retarded. Once the most rapid period of brain development is complete, children with too little thyroxine grow at a below avg. rate, but the central nervous system is no longer affected.
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What are the symptoms of deprivation dwarfism?
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Decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems.
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What major factor determines which foods children will eat? (how can parents encourage children to try new foods?)
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-Repeated, unpressured exposure to a new food increases acceptance, they tend to imitate food choices of people they admire, both adults and peers. Too much parental control limits children's opportunities to develop self control. Offering bribes causes children to like the healthy food less and treats more.
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Why is vitamin C important to a child’s diet?
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Vitamin C facilitates iron absorption and wound healing.
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Growth retardation and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented how?
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Through oral rehydration theray ( ORT ) in which sick children are given a solution of glucose, salt, and water that quickly replaces fluids the body loses. Also, supplements of zinc substantially reduce the incidence of sever diarrhea.
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Which childhood injures are most often related to mortality in childhood?
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Unintentional injuries. Motor vehicle collisions are by far the most frequent source of injury across all ages, ranking as the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old.
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What is the most frequent injury related to death?
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Motor vehicle collisions
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how can laws and communities contribute to prevention of these injuries?
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Laws prevent many injuries by requiring car safety seats, child resistant caps on medicine bottles, flameproof clothing etc. Play grounds can be covered in protective surfaces.
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What factor has been responsible for the dramatic decline in childhood disease for industrialized nations over the past 50 years?
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As a result of widespread immunization of infants and young children.
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What factor correlates most strongly with self-worth during adolescence and late childhood? (for example, is academic competence more important than physical appearance or vice versa?)
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Perceived physical attractiveness and social confidence, physical appearance is more important.
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Fine motor progress is often evident in two areas during these early childhood years. What areas are these? How do children’s drawings of people change during early childhood?
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1. childrens care of their own bodies. - Young children gradually become self-sufficient at dressing and feeding.
2. The drawings and paintings that fill the walls at home, child care, and preschool. - Drawings go from scribbles, first representational forms, to more realistic drawings. |
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What is the most complex self-help skill of early childhood?
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The most complex self help skill is that of shoe tying. Success requires a longer attention span, memory for an intricate series of hand movements, and the dexterity to perform them.
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What are some of the individual and sex differences in motor development during these years?
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Boys are ahead of girls in skills that emphasize force and power. Girls have an edge in fine-motor skills and in certain gross-motor skills that require a combination of good balance and foot movements, such as hopping and skipping. Boys greater muscle mass and slightly longer forearms contribute to their skill and advantages. Girls greater overall physical maturity may be partly responsible for their better balance and precision of movement.
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What factors are important for girls to start menstruating appropriately?
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Body fat, 20-25%, athletic girls have delayed periods.
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Why are trait statements so often used by parents discouraged by researchers and educators?
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when you reinforce this, it creates a false sense of "smartness" and what happens when the child fails. Emphasis should be more on effort.
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why does self esteem become more realistic
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peers
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what is the “psychological distancing” that occurs?
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A natural way of leaving the nest, conflict increases, kids can't leave the nest, so instead of physical distancing it is psychologic distancing.
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What are the correlates and consequences of substance abuse?
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consequences of using drugs of way of coping with stress, this becomes red flag. Childhood drug use causes more long term effects on children. Correlates are that if peers use you want to use. Family abuse, mental health problems, sexual abuse are correlates.
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Piagets preoperational stage - language
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Piaget acknowledged that our language is our most flexible means of mental representation. He believed that sensorimotor activity leads to internal images of experience, which children then label with words.
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piagets preoperational stage - make believe play
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Piaget believed that through pretending, young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes.
Make believe play is another excellent example of the development of representation in early childhood. Piaget believed that through pretending young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes. |
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What are the limitations of pre-operational thinking (for example, inability to conserve, egocentrism, perception bound thinking, animism etc….) à be able to label and identify
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According to Piaget, young children are not capable of operations -mental actions that obey logical rules.
- According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is egocentrism - failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own. He believed that when children first mentally represent the world, they tend to focus on their own viewpoint and simply assume that other's perceive, think, and feel the same way they do. -Egocentrism is responsible for preoperational children's animistic thinking- the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions. -Conservation refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes. Ex - same amount of water, different cup -Lack of hierarchical classification - the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences. |
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How has Piaget’s theory impacted education?
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1. Discovery learning - in a piagetian classroom, kids are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment. Art supplies, puzzles, table games, promote expoloration
2. Sensitivity to children's readiness to learn - in a piagetian classroom, teachers introduce activities that build on children's current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world. They do not try to hasten development by imposing new skills vefore children indicate interest or readiness. 3. Acceptance of individual differences - Teachers must plan activities for individual children and small groups, not just for the whole class. Teachers evaluate educational progress in relation to the child's previous development, rather than on the basis of normative standards. |
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According to Vygotsky, what is the function of private speech?
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Private speech is used for self-guidance. As they get older this private speech is internalized as silent and becomes inner speech.
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Why is make believe play essential to young children’s health?
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Play contributes to childrens cognitive and social skills, during sociodramatic play preschoolers interactions last longer, show more involvement etc. Children that spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as more socially competent by teachers. It is said to strengthen a variety of mental abilites,language, literacy skills, imagination etc.
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What is scaffolding? ( vygotsky )
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Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.
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How does attention change over late toddlerhood/early childhood?
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They experience gains in inhibitions, they can resist the pull of their attention toward a dominant stimulant.
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What does research suggest about short term memory at this stage?
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Recognition is good, the demanding task of recall could be a little more difficult, they can recall 3 to 4 items.Their working memory is quite small, and improves slowly.They have difficulty holding on to pieces of information and applying a strategy at the same time.
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What is theory of mind?
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coherent set of ideas about mental activities.Also called metacognition, thinking about thought
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Understand the different approaches to preschool.
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Preschool programs range along a continuum, either child centered of teacher directed. Child centered programs, teachers provide a variety of activities from which children select, and much learning tasks take place during the day. Academic programs, teachers structure children's learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill.
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What is Project Head Start and what is the philosophy of this program?
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Project head start is a program for low ses preschoolers in an effort to address learning problems before formal schooling begins. Provides children with a year or two or preschool, along with nutritional and health services. Parent involvement is central to the head start philosophy.
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According to Erikson, how do initiative and guilt develop in early childhood?
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Erikson regarded play as a means through which young children learn about themselves and their social world.
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what is initiative versus guilt
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psychological conflict during preschool years. Young children have a new sense of purposefulness, they are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activites with peers and discover what they can do with the help of adults. They also make strides in conscience development.
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What behaviors are characteristic of having a strong self-concept in these early years?
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They tend to be possesive. They are able to cooperatein resolving disputes over objects, playing games, and solving simple problems.
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is possessiveness of toys an indication of selfishness according to Erikson?
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no, it just shows a strong self definition.
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What is emotional self-regulation? Why is it important?
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Adjusting emotional arousal to a more comfortable level. It is important, because it avoids social difficulties.
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What are self-conscious emotions and how do they develop?
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Feelings that involve injury to or enhancement of their sense of self. It develops as their self-concept develops, the become increasingly sensitive to praise and blame or the possibility of such feedback.
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How do young children (for example, 3 or 4 year olds) describe themselves when asked to talk about themselves?
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Their views on themselves are very concrete.usually they mention observable characteristics such as their name, physical appearance, possesions.
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Why are young children so likely to overestimate their abilities in regards to a number of different tasks?
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Because preschoolers can't distinguish between their desired and their actual competence, they usually rate their own ability as extremely high and underestimate task difficulty.
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What is prosocial or altruistic behavior?
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actions that benefit another person without any expected reward for the self. Usually experienced during early childhood.
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According to social learning theorists, how do children learn to behave morally?
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believe moral behavior is learned through reinforcement and modeling.
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According to the psychoanalytic perspective, how do children learn to behave morally?
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stresses the emotional side of consciencef development, in particular, identification and guilt as motivators of good conduct.
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What functions do peer groups serve in early childhood?
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they provide young children with learning experiences they can get in no other way. Because peers interact on an equal footing, children must keep conversation going, cooperate and set goals in play.
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What categories of play did Mildred Parten observe? Understand these types if I were to give you an example and ask you to define which type.
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One of the first to study peer sociability among 2 to 5 year olds, concluded that social development proceeds in a three-step sequence. It begins with nonsocial activity - unoccupied looker behavior and solitary play. Then shifts to parrallel play - in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior. At the highest level, there are two forms of true social interaction, Associative play - children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one anothers behavior. Finally, cooperative play, more advanced type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make believe.
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How do preschoolers define friendship?
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pleasurable play and sharing of toys.
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What is inductive discipline? How is it related to moral development?
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an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others.The success of induction may lie in the power to motivate children's active commitment to moral standards.
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What are the alternatives to harsh punishment? (for example, what it the time out technique?)
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techniques such as time out - removing children from immediate setting - until they are ready to act appropriately. Withdrawal of priveleges - allows parents to avoid harsh techniques that can easily intensify into violence.
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What are characteristics of positive discipline?
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it encourages good conduct - by building a mutually respectful bond with the child, letting the child know ahead of time how to act, praising mature behavior.
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What does research reveal about frequent punishment in terms of its relationship to moral development and behavior?
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The more harsh threats, angry physical control, etc the more likely they are to develop serious, lasting mental health problems. Including weak internalization of moral rules.
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Understand the types of aggression that emerge in early childhood. (for example, be able to identify relational aggression or instrumental aggression from examples)
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By the second year, two types of aggression emerge, proactive or instrumental aggression in which children act to fulfill a need or desire or reactive or hostile aggression which is an angry defensive response to provocation or blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person.
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proactive and reactive aggression come in what three forms
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physical aggression - harms others through physical injury, pushing, hitting, kicking or punching.
verbal aggression - harms others through threats of physical aggression, name-calling or hostile teasing. relational aggression - damages another's peer relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, or friendship manipulation. |
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What do research findings reveal about aggression in early childhood? (focus on the major findings such as instrumental aggression declines with age etc….)
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In early childhood, verbal aggression gradually replaces physical aggression.Proactive aggression declines as preschoolers improved capacity to dealt gratification enables them to avoid grabbing others possessions.
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How does the family act as a training ground for aggressive behavior?
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the child rearing practices of the family are linked to aggression. Anger and punitiveness quickly createa conflict ridden family atmosphere and an out of control child.
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What do the findings on television and aggression reveal?
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that tv violence increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions and of verbally, physically, and relationally aggressive behavior. Not only does it create short term difficulties in parent and peer relations but also has lasting negative consequences. Time spent watching tv in childhood and adolescence predicted aggressive behavior in adulthood. It also hardens children to aggression, they tolerate more aggression than others.
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What is the V-Chip? Why is it not a complete solution for television violence?
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It allows parents to block undesired material.
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What is gender typing? How do parents, teachers and peers contribute to children’s gender stereotypes in early childhood? (understand the unique influence of each)
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Gender typing is any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.
parents - parenting practices reflect gender typing. Kinds of toys given to kids to play with, they reinforce independance in boys and closeness and dependency in girls. They provide children with indirect cues about gender categories and stereotypes through the language they use. Of two sexes, boys are more gender typed. Teachers - act in ways tht extend gender-role learning. preschool teachers give girls more encouragement to participate in adult-structured activities.Teachers also use more disapproval and controlling discipline with boys.When girls misbehave, they tend to negotiate. Peers - the more they play with same sex partners, the more their behavior become gender-typed. same sex peers positively reinforce by praising, imitating or joining in. |
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What is gender constancy and when do children acquire it?
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Over the preschool years, children acquire a cognitive appreciation of the permanence of their sex-they develope gender constancy - a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, including the realization that sex remains the same even if clothing, hair and play activities change.
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What 3 types of parenting styles have been studied?
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authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting.
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authoritarian parenting
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• Authoritarian parenting: punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their direction and respect their work and effort. "Your're doing this because I'm your parent"
• Firm limits and controls • These children are often unhappy, fearful and anxious; fail to initiate activity and have weak communication skills Girls - show more dependant relationships |
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authoritative parenting
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• Authoritative parenting: encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions
• Children of these parents are well adjusted • Cheerful, self-reliant, self-control, good peer relations, good coping skills ( if child sees that things are fair they are more likely to accept punishment etc.) |
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permissive parenting
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• Permissive Parenting
• Nurturant and accepting, but avoids making demands or controls of any kind and allwos children to make many of their own decisions at very young ages. • Children of these parents are often immature, lack impulse control, are disobedient and are rebellious • Don’t really set limits |
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why is authoritative child rearing effective?
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they insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use disciplinary encounters as teaching moments.
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which parenting style is related to children feeling good about themselves?
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authoritative parenting
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Understand the factors most strongly associated with child abuse.
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parent characteristics -psychological disturbance, alcohol and drug abuse, belief in harsh physical discipline.
child characteristics - premature or very sick baby, difficult temperament, inattentiveness and overactivity. family characterstics - low income, poverty, homelessness, marital instability. community - violence, social isolation, few parks, child care centers, culture - approval of physical force and violences as ways to solve problems. |
