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189 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the most widely accepted explanation of attachment?
Bowlby's Ethological Theory
Describe Bowlby's Ethological Theory
Infants and their mothers are biologically programmed for development.
According to Bowlby, what are "Internal Working Models"?
An Internal Working Model is a mental representation of the self and attachment figures (parents) that develop during the first year of life and guide childrens' behavior in later relationships.
Age what age do children develop clear signs of attachment?
6 to 7 months of age
The four primary signs of attachment according to Bowlby include:
Social Referencing
Separation Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety
Response to Prolonged Separation
What is Social Referencing?
A sign of attachment that includes infants "reading" the reaction of caregivers to determine their own behaviors
What is Separation Anxiety and when does it peak?
A type of infant attachment that includes distress when separated from a caregiver. It peaks between 14 and 18 months and disappears through the preschool years
What is Stranger Anxiety, when does it start, when does it peak and when does it go away?
A type of infant attachment that includes a strong negative reaction toward strangers. It usually starts at 8 to 10 months, peaks at 18 months and disappears in the 2nd year of life.
What are the three stages of "Response to Prolonged Separation" and when does it appear?
A type of infant attachment that occurs between the ages of 15 though 30 months. It includes Protest, Despair and Detachment.
What are the four patterns of attachment according to Ainsworth?
Secure
Anxious/Avoidant
Anxoius/Resistant
Disorganized/Disoriented
What does Reaction Range refer to?
A genetic endowment that sets an upper and lower range for genetic expression.
What does Maturation refer to?
Genetically determined stages of development that are not influenced by environment.
What does Canalization refer to?
A narrow canal in which some traits are expressed and are highly resistant to environment (e.g. sensorimotor development)
What does Secular Trends refer to?
Differences in the timing of physical development over history (e.g. the onset of menarche)
What percent of IQ is genetically determined?
50%
What is Klinefelter's Syndrome and what does it cause?
It is an extra X chromosome in males and causes absence of secondary sex characteristics and sterility.
What is Turner's Syndrome and what does it cause?
It is a broken or absent X chromosome in females and causes lack of development of secondary sex characteristics, sterility, short stature, stubby fingers and a webbed neck.
What is Fragile X Syndrome?
A weak site on the X chromosome that can effect males or females and caused MR, facial deformities and rapid stucaato speech.
According to Bronfenbrenner, what are the four environmental influences on human development?
Microsystem: immediate setting

Mesosystem: interconnections within the Microsystem.

Exosystem: indirect influences (parent's job)

Macrosystem: Cultural influences
What are the six family risk factors of children developing pychopathology?
Low socioeconomic status
Large family size
Severe marital discord
Parental criminality
Maternal psychopathology

2% for 1 risk factor and 21% for 4 or more
Placement of child outside of home
When do the effects of Teratogens cause the most, least damage?
*Most: Embryonic Period Weeks 3-8*

Least:Fetal Period Weeks 9 to birth
During the Germinal Period (conception to implantation) teratogens can harm only a few cells or kill the entire organism.
What are the symptoms of FAS in development?
MR, growth retardation, facial abnormalities, microcephaly, irritability and hyperactivity
What is considered premature birth?
Any birth before 37 weeks.
Describe the four Infant Reflexes
Tonic Neck: Extends arm when someone turns his head to one side.
Palmar Grasp: Grasps a finger pressed against his palm.
Babinski: Extends bid tow and spreads small toe when foot is stroked
Moro: When head is dropped or with a load noise, the back is arched, legs extended and arms thrown outward.
Stepping: When held upright and feet touch ground, infant makes stepping motions
Describe vision in newborns
Acuity: 20 feet, normal by 6 months
Color: 2-3 months
Depth perception: 4-6 months

Prefer high contrast patterns
Prefer faces by 2-5 days after birth.
Prefer mom's face by 2 months
Describe hearing in newborns
Only slightly less acute than adults, recognize mother's voice within 3 days, turns head towards sounds, but this disappears between 40-100 days and re-emerges at 12 months. Distinguishes some vowels a few days after birth.
Describe the two complimentary processes of Adaptation in Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Assimilation: The incorporation of new information into existing cognitive schemas.
Accommodation: The modification of current cognitive schemas to account for new information.
What is the key concept in Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development
The Zone of Proximal Development which is the gap between what a child can do alone and what he can accomplish with assistance.
Describe the four cries of a baby:
Hunger, pain and angry. By the 3rd week of life, they also display an attention cry.
Describe the four types of early language
Cooing: Vowel sounds
Babbling:Vowel and consonant sounds
Holophrastic: one word sentences, in 1st year
Telegraphic Speech: two-word sentences in the 2nd year
What does research say about the impact of bilingualism on intelligence and English acquisition?
Bilingual children usually to better on tests of cognitive flexibility as well as English acquisition and mastery
When does Piaget's Preoperational stage start and what happens in this stage?
Age 2 to 7.
Increase in symbolic thought, strides in language and appearance of substitute play. This stage is limited by egocentrism and a lack of Conservation.
When does Piaget's Concrete Operational stage occur and what happens during that stage?
7 to 12 years. Conservation develops through reversibility (understanding actions can be reversed) and decentration (focusing on more than one detail)
When does Piaget's Formal Operational stage occur and what happens during that stage?
12 years onward. Ability for abstract thought and hypothetical-deductive reasoning begins. Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable (I won't get hurt) can occur during this time. Only 50% of adults reach this age.
What is the earliest age at which recognition memory is evident?
2 to 3 months of age.
What is infantile amnesia?
The observation that adults cannot remember anything before the age of 3.
Babies at ? years of age can remember things that occurred several months ago.
2 years of age
What is the Nativist theory of language development?
Emphasizes the role of the innate, genetically determined factors. Chomsky, a proponent, discussed the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that allows children to use words in novel ways.
When should "Ferberizing" start to help children sleep and what does it entail?
5 to 6 months
Have a soothing bedtime ritual, put child to bed while awake, when they cry wait five minutes, then verbally sooth, but not physically. For successive crying, add 5 minutes each time before responding. Takes 1 week to work. Do not use for anxious children.
Infant babbling includes sounds from all languages at the age of ? to ? months, but is restricted to sounds only of their native language by ? months.
5 to 6 months

9 months
What happens in Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage and when does it occur?
Birth to 2 years.
1. Object Permanence
2. Deferred Imitation (imitation of an observed behavior at at later time).
3. Understanding of causal relationships
4. Make-believe play
When does Piaget's Preoperational stage start and what are the developments and limitations of this stage?
Age 2 to 7.
1. Increase in symbolic thought
2. Strides in language

Limitations of this stage include:
1. Magical thinking
2. Animism
When does Piaget's Concrete Operational stage occur and what happens during that stage?
7 to 11 years.
Conservation develops through reversibility (understanding actions can be reversed) and decentration (focusing on more than one detail)
When does Piaget's Formal Operational stage occur and what happens during that stage?
12+ years
1. Abstract thought
2. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Imaginary Audience and Personal Fable (I won't get hurt) can occur during this time. Only 50% of adults reach this age.
What is the earliest age at which recognition memory is evident?
2 to 3 months of age.
What is infantile amnesia?
The observation that adults cannot remember anything before the age of 3.
Babies beginning at ? years of age can remember things that occurred several months ago.
2 years of age
What is the Nativist theory of language development?
Emphasizes the role of the innate, genetically determined factors. Chomsky, a proponent, discussed the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that allows children to use words in novel ways.
When should "Ferberizing" start to help children sleep and what does it entail?
5 to 6 months
Have a soothing bedtime ritual, put child to bed while awake, when they cry wait five minutes, then verbally sooth, but not physically. For successive crying, add 5 minutes each time before responding. Takes 1 week to work. Do not use for anxious children.
Infant babbling includes sounds from all languages at the age of ? to ? months, but is restricted to sounds only of their native language by ? months.
5 to 6 months

9 months
The Secure-Autonomous model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type value attachment relationships, can integrate positive and negative aspects of childhood, have a stable relationship with at least one parent and do not idealize their parents. This adult model is reflective of the Secure Attachment described by Ainsworth.
The Dismissing model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type devalue the importance of attachment relationships, are guarded and defensive about their childhood. They idealize their parents, but do not have concrete examples. 75% of their children are avoidantly attachment.
The Preoccupied model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type are confused and incoherent about their attachment memories. Their childhoods are marked by frustrated attempts to please their parents. They are enmeshed with family of origin issues and have external Locus of Control. Their children have Anxious/Resistant relationships.
The Unresolved model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type have usually experienced trauma or loses in childhood. They still are afraid of their memories and tend to dissociate. They have relationships with their children that are dysfunctional and may include abuse or neglect. Their children normally have Disorganized-Disoriented attachments.
The Secure-Autonomous model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type value attachment relationships, can integrate positive and negative aspects of childhood, have a stable relationship with at least one parent and do not idealize their parents. This adult model is reflective of the Secure Attachment described by Ainsworth.
The Dismissing model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type devalue the importance of attachment relationships, are guarded and defensive about their childhood. They idealize their parents, but do not have concrete examples. 75% of their children are avoidantly attachment.
The Preoccupied model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type are confused and incoherent about their attachment memories. Their childhoods are marked by frustrated attempts to please their parents. They are enmeshed with family of origin issues and have external Locus of Control. Their children have Anxious/Resistant relationships.
The Unresolved model of adult attachment is described as what and is reflective of which infant attachment model?
Adults of this type have usually experienced trauma or loses in childhood. They still are afraid of their memories and tend to dissociate. They have relationships with their children that are dysfunctional and may include abuse or neglect. Their children normally have Disorganized-Disoriented attachments.
What is the transmission rate of HIV to newborn?
35-60%
What is Cytomegalovirus?
A form of herpies that is transferred to the fetus in about 1% of births. 20-30% die prenatally. Those who survive often having some MR, visual and hearing impairment.
What does Rubella virus cause in newborns?
Heart defects, blindness, deafness and MR
Maternal malnutrition causes what?
Reduced number of neurons and myelinization and neurotransmitter abnormalities. Lack of folic acid causes spina bifida or other neural tube defect.
At birth, the brain is____% of its adult weight.
25%
By the time a child reaches two years of age, their brain is ____% of its adult weight.
80%
The brain begins to lose neurons at age ____ and this degradation accelerates after age ______.
30 and 60
New neurons are generated in adult years in which two areas of the brain?
Hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
What are the effects of Early Training?
Not generalizable to other tasks.
Do not lead to sustained advancement
Training of complex tasks early (playing piano) does lead to better proficiency in later life.
How does early and late physical maturation affect each gender?
Positive for boys and negative for girls. Effects dissipate by adulthood.
At what age do vision and hearing begin to decline and then significantly decline?
Vision: 40 and 65
Hearing: 40 and 75
Since 2002, what has been the trend for use of etoh, drugs and tobacco among adolescents?
Etoh: stable
Drugs: declined
Tobacco: declined
What four factors increase risk of drug use among children?
Male gender
Low SES
Abuse
Lack of parental involvement
If full-term infants experience physical pain, they are ________ sensitive to pain in later childhood. What are pre-term infants?
More sensitive.

The opposite is true for pre-term infants.
Right-Left hand preferences develops by how many years of age?
4 years of age
What is presbyopia?
Inability to visually focus on close objects.
The best predictor of adjustment to an illness in childhood is what?
Severity of illness.
What is the current rate of substance use among adolescents for drugs, alcohol and tobacco?
Drugs: 9.8%
Alcohol: 15.9%
Tobacco: 9.5%
What is the primary and secondary reasons cited for lack of sexual activity in adulthood?
Physical Illness
Lack of a partner
What is the percentage of people between the ages of 75 to 85 who are still sexually active?
26%
At how many months of age can infants demonstrate recognition memory 24 months after stimulus exposure?
3 months of age
Infants of ______ months old can demonstrate procedural memory?
6 to 9 months
Age-related advances of long-term memory are due primarily to what?
Memory strategies
Adults aged 50 years or older tend to recall very recent events and those from ages 10 to 30. What are the two terms two describe these effects?
Recency Effect

Reminiscence Bump
Synchrony Effect refers to what?
Peak arousal and performance levels are tied to circadian rhythms. Older adults do better in the morning while young adults do better in the evening.
What is the first and second types of memory that show age-related decline?
1. recent long-term or "secondary memory"

2. Working Memory
Age-related declines in memory function are thought to be related to what?
1. Slowed processing speed reduces working memory

2. Less frequent use of memory strategies reduces secondary memory
At what age do children begin to consistently use memory strategies?
9 or 10 years of age
The Nativist approach to language development stresses what two things and who was the main theorist?
Biological Mechanisms

Universal patterns of language development

Chomsky
The Interactionist theory of language development stressed what two factors?
Biological and Environmental factors
What are the main three theories of language development?
Nativist
Behaviorist
Interactionist
The Social-Communications version of the Interactionist Theory describes what two types of adult language that helps develop children's language?
Expansions
Adding to the child's statement while maintaining word order.

Extensions
Adding to the child's statement.
What is Semantic Bootstrapping in language theory?
Using knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their grammatical category.
What is Syntactic Bootstrapping in language development?
Using syntactical (grammatical) knowledge of a word to infer the word's meaning.
What are the two units of speech sounds?
Phonemes: smallest units of sound. There are 45 in the English language.

Morphemes: The smallest units of sound that convey meaning. "un", "ing"
By 13 months of age, children understand how many words?

By how many months do they speak 50 words?
50 words


18 months
By 27 months, about how many words are in a child's vocabulary?
300 to 400
By 36 months, the vocabulary is often how many words?

By 36 months about how many words are included in sentences?
1,000


3 or 4
Metalinguistic awareness and the ability to use metaphors develops at what age?
6 or 7 years of age
Underextension of language refers to what?
Using a word too narrowly.
"Dish" only refers to their plastic dish.
Overextension of language refers to what?
Using a word to describe a wider range than appropriate.

e.g. all four legged animals are "doggie"
Overregularization of language refers to what?
Applying usual rules to exceptional circumstances.

e.g. tooths instead of teeth and holded instead of hold
Which gender talks for longer intervals and is more likely to interrupt?
Males
At what age is it best to learn a second language?
3 to 7
Behavioral Inhibition (Kagan) refers to what?
A relatively stable characteristic of being uninhibited or not and is related to physiological reactivity.
What two theorists came up with nine distinctions of temperament?
Thomas and Chess
The Goodness of Fit model of temperament refers to what?
The degree of match between parents' behaviors and child's temperament contribute to the child's adjustment as adults.
What age comprises the Oral Stage of development and what does fixation result in?
Birth to 1 year.

Fixation leads to dependence, passivity, gullibility and sarcasm.
What age comprises the Anal Stage and what does fixation at this stage lead to?
1 - 3 years

Anal retentiveness: OCD, selfishness, stingyness

Anal expulsiveness: cruelty, destructiveness, messiness
What age comprises the Phallic Stage, what does fixation at this stage lead to and what else characterizes this stage?
3 - 6 years

Fixation leads to sexual exploitation of others. Development of the Superego occurs at this stage as well as presentation of the Oedipal conflict.
What age comprises the Latency Stage and what does fixation at this stage lead to?
6 - 12 years

Sexual energy is diffuse.
Focus is on development of social skills
What age comprises the Genital Stage and what does fixation at this stage lead to?
12+ years

Positive outcome is when sexual desire is blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships
Freud vs. Erickson in theories of development. What are the three main differences?
1. Erickson stresses social, not sexual factors.
2. Erickson emphasizes the ego, not the id.
3. Erickson views personality development as continuing through the lifespan.
Name Erickson's 8 stages of development.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs Role Confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
TAIIIIGE
initiative/industry/identity/intimacy
4 child
1 adolescent
3 adult
What theorist spoke of the main parenting styles?
(authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and rejecting)
Baumrind
What are the children of Authoritarian parents likely to be like according to their character?
Irritable, aggressive, mistrusting and dependent, with low responsibility, self-esteem and academic achievement
What are the children of Authoritative parents likely to be like according to their character?
Assertive, socially responsible, achievement oriented and high self-esteem
What are the children of Permissive parents likely to be like according to their character?
Immature, impulsive, self-centered and easily frustrated with low achievement and independence.
What are the children of Rejecting-Neglecting parents likely to be like according to their character?
Impulsive, moody and aggressive with higher incidence of criminality
The effects of parenting style are affected by several factors including two specific ones that are?
Child temperament

Cultural/ethnic background
1st born children are more likely to have what three characteristics?
1. Have faster language acquisition
2. Higher grades and IQs
3. More socially responsible and achievement oriented
Later born children
1. Better peer relationships
2. Less cautious
3. More confidence in social situations
In large families, the larger the family and less space between ages, the ________ the children's achievement.
Lower
Insecure attachments, poorer performance of cognitive-linguistic functioning, passive non-compliance and increased rates of aggressiveness are linked to what characteristic of the child's mother?
Depression, especially chronic-severe
What are the stages of self-awareness and when do they occur?
Physical self-recognition: 18 months

Self-description: 19 to 30 months

Emotional responses to wrongdoing: After 30 months
What is the sequence children go through in regard to self-description?
Concrete physical characteristics
Ages 2 - 6

Competencies
Ages 6 - 10

Personality traits
Ages 10 - 12

Abstract thoughts of inner states
12+
Gender-role identity is established by how many years of age?
3 years
Kohlberg's theory regarding gender-role identity states that it develops in parallel with cognitive development and leads to what three stages?
Gender Identity
Gender Stability
Gender Constancy
Gender-role identity according to ________ involves a combination of social learning and cognitive development into schemas of masculinity and femininity
Bem
Social connotations of racial groups develops by age_____?
Age 10
Katz found that during ages 3 to 6, white children develop same-race preference, but ________ for black children during this same time.
Decreases
Marcia described four Identity Statuses of adolescents that reflect identity crisis or identity commitment. What are they?
Identity Diffusion (not committed)

Identity Foreclosure
(has experienced an identity imposed by same-sex parent)

Identity Moratorium
(is an identity crisis with exploration of a new identity)

Identity Achievement
(resolved crisis with "identity achieved")
Research suggests emotional turmoil of adolescents is more, the same or less than children younger or older?
The same
Gilligan's Relational Crisis states that females disconnect from themselves and experience a "loss of voice" due to what?
What age does this occur?
The new understanding that women's opinions are not highly valued.

Ages 11 to 12
What have studies said about personality change over time?
Agreeableness and acceptance of change increase over time.

Sociability and openness to experience declines after age 55.
What are the five Stages of Grief identified by Kubler and Ross?

Hint: DABDA
Denial and Isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Age what age do children generally develop an appropriate concept of death?
Age 10
Describe how a child with a Secure attachment acts in the absence of his mother in a room and how he acts when she returns?
1. He will actively explore the room

2. He will seek her attention upon return.
Describe how a child with an Anxious/Ambivalent attachment acts with his mother, in the absence of his mother, and how he acts when she returns?
What type of parenting does this reflect?
1. Vacillates between clinging and resisting his mother.
2. Becomes very disturbed when left with a stranger.
3.. Becomes angry and resists her attention when she returns.

Reflects inconsistent parenting
Describe how a child with a Anxious/Avoidant attachment acts with his mother, in the absence of his mother and how he acts when she returns?
What type of parenting does this reflect?
1. Interacts little with his mother.
2. Shows little distress when mother leaves.
3. Ignores her when she returns.

Reflects impatience in mothers and either too little or too much stimulation.
Describe how a child with a Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment acts with his mother and how he acts when she returns?
What type of parenting does this reflect?
1. Exhibit fear of their caregiver.
2. Greet, but then turn away or show other confused behavior

Reflects abusive parenting in 80% abused children
What is anaclitic depression?
Depression that develops when infants are separated from their mothers in the second half of the first year of life. Often includes developmental delay.
When is the best age for a child to be adopted?
Before 3 months.
Institutionalized children can develop a close bond with adopted parents as long as they are adopted by what age?
6 years of age
At what age do children show signs of outward emotion such as jealousy, empathy and embarrassment?
By 18 to 24 months of age
At what age do children demonstrate emotions such as shame, guilt and pride?
30 to 36 months
Empathy training usually includes what three steps of intervention?
1. Recognizing feels of oneself and others.
2. Recognizing similarities of self and others.
3. Making positive statements about others.
Empathy training is most effective for?
Low or High scorers of empathy
Boys or Girls
Younger or Older
Low
Boys
Younger
Describe instrumental vs. hostile aggression.
Instrumental: towards gaining an object

Hostile: towards hurting someone
What two characteristics distinguish families with aggressive children?
1. Use of coercive or aggressive interactions to gain compliance.

2. Poor parental monitoring of activities.
The Coercive Family Interaction Model notes what four characteristics of a family that promotes aggression?
1. Parents display aggressive behavior
2. Rare reinforcement of prosocial behavior
3. Use of harsh discipline
4. Attention and approval given for aggressive behavior by children
Social-Cognitive factors of aggression include what four factors?
1. Express difficulty inhibiting aggressive impulses.
2. Believe their aggressive behavior will lead to positive outcome.
3. Have little regret or remorse.
4. Misinterpret others actions as hostile.
In regard to aggression, which gender demonstrates more relational aggression? (harm or control others by withdrawal of relationship)
Females
In Piagets' theory of moral development, children ages 6 and below are in what moral stage?
The Premoral stage where they have little to no regard for rules.
Between the ages of 7 to 10, according to Piaget's Moral Development theory, what stage are children in and what is their regard for rules?
Heteronomous Morality and they view rules as unchangeable. Severity of punishment determines the extent of wrongdoing.
After age 11, according to Piaget's Moral Development theory, what stage are children in and what is their regard for rules?
Autonomous Morality and they see rules as alterable and focus upon the intentions of the individual.
Since the 1980s, divorce rates have increased or decreased and current are at what percentage?
Decreased and currently stand at 40-50%
What are the four factors of the expression of anger are predictive of divorce?
1. Criticism
2. Defensiveness
3. Contempt
4. Stonewalling
What are two descriptors of how father's negatively parent following divorce?
Overlay permissive
Indulgent
After divorce, children exhibit fewer problems if there parents can be what?
Accepting

Consistent in Discipline
How does divorce effect
Preschoolers vs. Children ages 6 and older?
Younger children experience greater initial difficulty while older children experience more long-term dysfunction.
What does research say about custody arrangements?
Mixed results. Some says kids do better with same sex parent while other says they do better with their mother. Generally, frequent contact with the non-custodial parent is best.
What does research say about shared-custody arrangements?
Shared custody generally does not improve child adjustment when the divorce is amicable and may worsen adjustment when the divorce is conflictual.
Which factor seems more important for childhood adjustment?

Parental Conflict or Divorce
Parental conflict is more detrimental.
Overall, are children with a step-parent worse off than those living with two biological parents?
Yes, but the difference is small (effect size = 1.7) and many factors can be controlled such as family SES, family hx of instability, and pre-existing adjustment problems.
What is the impact of remarriage in regard to age of child?
The least negative impact occurs when children are under the age of 9 and early adolescence is the worst time.
What are true of the effects of remarriage across the gender of children?
MOST research suggest effects are worse for girls, but other suggests the opposite or no effect.
What is true of stepfathers' involvement with their stepchildren?
They are generally more distant and disengaged.
What should stepparents do to lessen childhood adjustment problems?
Use Authoritative style

Be warm, involved and support the biological parent's authority
What is true of the effects of maternal employment?
Benefits outweigh costs.
There are some negative effects for boys of higher SES, especially when low levels of parental supervision is a factor.
How does daycare effect child development?
Good quality daycare can advance learning for a short period.

Extensive non-maternal care during the first year of life may have some negative effects
What are the effects upon children of having homosexual parents?
None. Homosexual parents are as effective as heterosexual parents.
What is the effect of sexual abuse across gender of victims?
No clear gender difference but when difference is found, it is worse for females.
Are the effects of sexual abuse more severe when the perpetrator is a stranger or known person?
Worse when the perpetrator is known.
Sibling rivalry is worse with what age and gender difference?
Worse when ages of children differ from 1.5 to 3 years and is worse with same gender children.
At what age does cooperative play develop?
Age two.
What are the most important factors of "playmates" through the age ranges of:
4-7
8-10
11 and on
1. Just for play
2. Trust and assistance
3. Intimacy and loyalty
During the school years, which gender enjoys having more friends and being in large groups?
Males
What is the buffering effect of social support perception.
The perception of social support is more important to the individual than actual support.
At what age are kids most influenced by peer pressure?
14 to 15
Who has more influence on major life issues such as basic beliefs, values, educational and career goals. Is is peers or parents?
What about clothes, music and social activities?
Parents

Peers
In families where both the man and the woman work, men do more household chores. However, how many more times work does the woman still do?
Twice as much
What factors lead to higher marital satisfaction?
1. Similar of:
Age
SES
Education
Religion
2. Marrying after age 23
3. Dating for at least six months
4. Waiting for at least one year after marriage to have children
What is the Rosenthal effect in regard to teacher perspectives?
A self-fulfilling prophecy that children who are expected to do better do, probably because the teacher treats them differently or spend more time with them.
What is true regarding teacher feedback across student gender?
Boys are praised for intellectual accomplishments and on-task behavior.
Girls are praised for effort, cooperation and dependent behavior.
Boys are more often criticized for inattention and sloppy work.
Girls are more criticized for lack of ability.
How have gender differences in achievement changed over recent years and why?
Differences have declined and may be attributed to less stereotyped gender roles.
Do Compensatory Preschool Programs lead to higher achievement and improved IQ? What about other preschool programs?
Yes, they experience higher achievement and school success, but not sustained higher IQ.

No benefit for non-disadvantaged children.
The Montessori Method of teaching emphasizes what type of learning?
Sensory perception and learning.
Does violent TV or children's programs effect child development?
Yes, in the assumed direction, but what the larger criticism is the other activities TV pulls children away from.
How does excessive TV effect reading, school performance and frequency of family interactions?
Decreases them all!