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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attachment
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An emotional bond with a person that is enduring across space and time
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Harlow's experiment
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Monkeys reared in isolation exhibited severe social disturbances
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Attachment theory
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Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachment with caregivers as a means of increasing their own chances of survival
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Secure base
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When an attachment figure's presence provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment.
(Attachment theory) |
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Internal working model of attachment
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the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and older ages.
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Strange Situation
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A procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants' attachment to their primary caregiver
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Attachment categories
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(1) Secure attachment
(2) Insecure/resistant (3) Insecure/avoidant (4) Disorganized/disoriented |
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Secure attachment
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(1) Attachment category
(2) Highly-quality relationship w/ attachment figure (3) Infant shows distress when caregiver leaves but is quickly quelled by caregiver's return (4) About 65% of children |
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Insecure-resistant
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(1) Attachment category
(2) "Clingy" infants (3) Separation: extreme distress (4) Return: resists comforting when caregiver returns (5) About 10% of children |
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Insecure-avoidant
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(1) Attachment category
(2) Separation: little or no distress (3) Return: ignore, avoid (3) About 15% of children |
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Disorganized/disoriented
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(1) Attachment category
(2) Dazed, disoriented, no consistent coping mechanism. |
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Do results from the Strange Situation easily generalize to real life?
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Yes
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Strange Situation, cross-cultural consistency
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Consistent; the four attachment categories are seen in numerous cultures.
Japanese - all insecure are insecure/avoidant. |
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Factors associated with the security of children's attachment
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(1) Parental sensitivity
(2) Children's temperament |
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Parental sensitivity
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(1) The consistency and responsiveness of caregiving
(2) The most crucial parental factor contributing to the development of a secure attachment |
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Attachment category, heritability
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Low heritability; most variation caused by environmental factors
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Signs of infant attachment
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(1) Separation anxiety
(2) Stranger anxiety (3) Greetings (4) Secure base behavior (5) Social referencing |
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When will a child recognize him/herself in a mirror?
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18-20 months
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When does an infant exhibit separation anxiety?
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8 months of age
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3-4-year-olds, self-description
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(1) Based on concrete, physical attributes and abilities
(2) Unrealistically positive |
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Social comparison
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comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself
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Middle to late elementary school, self-description
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Exhibits social comparison
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What development heavily influences adolescents' conceptions of themselves?
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abstract thinking
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Conceptions of self in adolescence, characteristics
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(1) Personal fable
(2) Imaginary audience (3) Concerned with disparities in personalities |
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Identity versus identity confusion
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(1) Occurs during adolescence
(2) Adolescent either develops an identity or experiences an incomplete and sometimes incoherent self |
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Identity foreclosure
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Premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options
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Negative identity
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Identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent.
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Psychosocial moratorium
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A time-out during which the adolescent is not expected to take on adult roles and can pursue activities that lead to self-discovery
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Identity-status categories
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(1) Identity-diffusion: no crisis, no commitment
(2) Foreclosure: commitment with no exploration (3) Moratorium: no commitment but ongoing exploration (4) Identity-achievement: commitment after exploration |
