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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do children in middle childhood physically grow? |
Grow 5-7 cm/year Gain 3 kg/year More growth in legs |
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What gender is bigger at the end of middle childhood? |
Girls |
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What motor skills can children do better in middle childhood? |
Can throw and jump farther Better at typing, writing, drawing and other things |
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What motor skills do girls do better and what motor skills do boys do better? |
Girls better at fine motor, and gross motor involving flexibility and balance Boys better at gross motor skills that require strength |
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How is physical fitness beneficial to middle childhood physically? |
Promotes growth of muscles and bones Increases flexibility Helps maintain healthy weight |
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What are three guidelines to help keep children physically fit? |
A good diet 1 hour of physical activity a day Vigorous activity at least 3 days per week |
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What are some disadvantages of adult-arranged sports for children? |
Overemphasize competition and skill Be too controlling Emphasize drill till it becomes work and not play |
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How much sleep do children in middle childhood need? |
10 hours at the beginning 8 hours by the end of middle childhood |
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Cognitive Development in middle childhood: |
:) |
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What Piaget stage of children of middle childhood in? |
Concrete-operational stage *As middle childhood begins, they go from preoperational to concrete |
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What happens in the concrete-operational stage for these children? |
Decline in egocentrism Realize appearances can be deceiving Capable of mental operations on objects/ideas Can pass conservation tasks They think about the here and now |
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What are mental operations? |
Cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas |
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What is working memory? |
A type of memory in which a small number of items can be stored briefly (current thoughts) |
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What is long-term memory? |
Permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity |
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What is rehearsal? |
Repetitively naming information that is to be remembered (ex. Bread, eggs, milk) |
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What is organization? |
Structuring information to be remembered so that related information is placed together |
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What is elaboration? |
Embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable (Linking information to your personal life) |
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What is metacognition? |
Awareness of one's own cognitive processes Includes "metamemory" |
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What is metamemory? |
It is an understanding of one's memory capabilities and the ability to choose strategies for memory that are easier than others It is a type of metacognition |
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Aptitudes of School |
:) |
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What are psychometricians? |
They are psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence and personality |
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How do psychometricians test? |
Often administer many tests and look for patterns *If several tests are highly correlated, it may represent a single trait or ability |
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Who suggested a general intelligence, g? |
Spearman |
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What did Thurstone and Thurstone find? (Psychometric Approaches to Intelligence) |
7 distinct clusters of correlated tests |
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What are those seven distinct clusters? |
Perceptual speed Word comprehension Word fluency Space Number Memory Induction |
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What is the hierarchical view of intelligence? |
Suggested by John Carroll A combination of: 1: general intelligence that influences all others 2: a second level of more specific abilities 3: a third level that lists specific skills attached to each ability |
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What is Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences? |
Howard Gardner Based theory on child development Brain-damaged people Exceptionally talented people |
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Look at table 7.1 of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences |
- |
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What is emotional intelligence (Gardner)? |
The ability to use one's own and others' emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily |
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What is Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence? |
Considered intelligence in terms of solving problems and achieving goals There are three interacting kinds of abilities |
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What are those three kinds of abilities? |
1. Analytic abilities (analyzing problems and generating different solutions) 2. Creative abilities (dealing with adaptively with novel situations and problems) 3. Practical abilities (knowing what solution or plan will actually work) |
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What are some important things to consider about Sternberg's theory? |
Education is most effective when it is tailored to a student's strengths (A street vendor may learn better when information is presented realistically) |
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Who developed a test to distinguish children who would learn easily in school from those who might have difficulty? |
BINET and SIMON |
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What is mental age? |
In intelligence testing, a measure of children's performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the child's |
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What is the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)? |
A mathematical representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test in relation to how other people of the SAME AGE score IQ = Mental age/Chronological age x 100 |
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What is IQ a good predictor of? |
School success Prestige of job Job performance and earrings |
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Does the environment and heredity influence intelligence? |
Yes |
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Identical twins and intelligence (heredity)? |
Identical twins' IQ scores are more alike than fraternal twins/biological/adoptive siblings |
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Adopted children and intelligence (heredity)? |
Adopted children's IQ scores correlate more strongly with biological than adoptive parents |
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How does the environment influence intelligence? |
Correlation with the home environment Correlation with sleep duration Increase in IQ across generations Correlation with intervention programs |
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How does ethnicity and social class influence intelligence? |
Children in economically advantaged homes score higher on IQ tests Partially due to ethnic differences |
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Is there evidence to support that genetics influences IQ? |
Nope There is no "smart genes" in different ethnic groups |
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What is wrong with IQ tests? |
They reflect the cultural heritage of economically advantaged European backgrounds |
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What is culture-fair intelligence tests? |
Intelligence tests using items common to many cultures (ex. a language free test...Raven's Progressive Matrices) |
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How do test-taking skills differ between children? |
Children from cultures that encourage collaboration and discourage individual excellence perform poorly Economically disadvantaged children are often wary of questions posed by unfamiliar examiners and answer "I don't know" |
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What is a stereotype? |
Social belief representing organized prior knowledge about a group of people that affects how we interpret new information |
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What is stereotype threat? |
Self-fulfilling prophecy in which knowledge of stereotypes leads to anxiety and reduced performance consistent with the original stereotype (Girl does bad on math test because the stereotype is girls are bad at math) |
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Special Children, Special Needs |
:) |
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Gifted individuals tend to... |
Be more mature than peers Have fewer emotional problems Being highly satisfied with life |
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What is Convergent Thinking? |
Using information to arrive at one standard and correct answer |
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What is Divergent Thinking? |
Thinking in novel and unusual directions |
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When we refer to children with a disability what can it mean? |
A child with an intellectual disability or with a learning disability |
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What is an Intellectual Impairment? |
The preferred term for a condition sometimes referred to as intellectual disability in which the level of intellectual functioning is considered to be low |
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What are the four types of risk factors for an intellectual disability/impairment? |
1. Biomedical factors 2. Social factors 3. Behavioural factors 4. Educational factors |
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What are some biomedical factors that can put children at risk for intellectual impairment? |
chromosomal disorders, malnutrition, traumatic brain injury |
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What are some social factors that can put children at risk for intellectual impairment? |
poverty, impaired parent-child interactions |
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What are some behavioral factors that can put children at risk for intellectual impairment? |
child neglect, domestic violence |
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What are some educational factors that can put children at risk for intellectual impairment? |
impaired parenting, inadequate special education services |
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What is a Learning Disability? |
When a child with normal intelligence has difficulty mastering at least one academic subject (Oral language, math, reading are common) |
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What is Developmental Dyslexia? |
Involves distinguishing sounds in written and oral language |
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What can children with developmental dyslexia benefit from? |
- Training in phonological awareness - Explicit training in letter-sound connections |
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What is Impaired Reading Comprehension? |
Difficulty understanding what is read, despite being able to read individual words |
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What can children with Impaired Reading Comprehension benefit from? |
- Extensive instruction in vocabulary - Extensive instruction in other language skills not specific to reading |
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What is Mathematical Learning Disability? |
Difficulties counting, adding, subtracting Poorly developed number sense |
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What are the three major symptoms of ADHD? |
Overactivity Inattention Impulsivity |
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What are some common myths about ADHD? |
It is caused by TV, allergies, sugar, or poor home life Most children grow out of it Healthy children often misdiagnosed with ADHD |
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What are some possible treatments for ADHD? |
Ritalin -- it stimulates part of the brain that inhibits hyperactive and impulsive behavior Psychosocial treatments -- reminding kids to read instructions Or a combination of both ^ |
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A combination of both Ritalin and psychosocial treatment is most effective |
Treatment doesn't negate problems later in life Treatment should be chronic and ongoing |
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Academic Skills |
:) |
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What is word recognition? |
The process of identifying a unique pattern of letters |
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What is Comprehension? |
The process of extracting meaning from a sequence of words |
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What is the foundation of reading skill? |
Letter knowledge and phonological awareness (the sounds) |
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Why is English challenging with letters and sounds? |
The correspondences are inconsistent... Ex. "a" in bat, far, rake, and was The a's are all different |
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How can the other words in a sentence help recognize words? |
The context can help recognition |
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According to Gough and Tunmer what makes up reading comprehension? |
Word decoding + language comprehension |
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How does writing develop throughout one's life? |
It develops gradually from childhood and even into young adulthood With age, more topics become familiar and easier to write about Older children can find useful info to reference and incorporate into their writing |
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Organizing writing: What is Knowledge-telling strategy? |
Writing down information as it is retrieved from memory, a common practice for young writers |
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Organizing writing: What is Knowledge-transforming strategy? |
Deciding what information to include and how best to organize it to convey a point (Seen near the end of elementary school) |
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How good are young children at revising? |
They are unable to detect problems in their own writing, so they either don't revise or don't revise effectively |
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What are some strategies to promote better writing? |
POW TREE |
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What grade are children counting mentally? |
Grade 1 or 2 |
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At what age can children retrieve many addition and subtraction facts from memory? |
Age 8 or 9 |
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How does Canada compare to other countries in reading, math, and science? |
6th out of 65 countries |
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Learning in School |
:) |
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What are some characteristics of schools where students typically succeed? |
- staff and students know academic excellence is the primary goal of the school - school climate is safe and nurturing - parents involved - progress of students, staff, and programs are monitored |
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What can teachers do to help students learn the most? |
- manage classroom effectively to devote most time for instruction - teachers believe they are responsible - Teach activeky - Pay attention to pacing - emphasize mastery of topics |
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What are the three entry levels of French in Canada? |
1. kindergarten or grade 1 2. Grade 4 3. Grade 7 |
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How much time is French the language of instruction for kindergarten, grades 1-6, and grades 7-12? |
Kindergarten = 100% Grades 1-6 = 75-80% Grades 7-12 = 50-80% |
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What is some evidence about french immersion? |
Bilingual children are advanced in word and syntactic awareness No consistent effect on phonological awareness French students' oral french is better than written french |
