Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What 3 interdependent domains of development is developmental psychology interested in?
|
Physical
Cognitive Social |
|
|
What two theories are there about the beginning of development (infancy)?
|
Tabula Rasa
Small Adults |
|
|
Developmental psychology is a midpoint between what two theories about beginning of development?
|
Tabula Rasa
Small Adults |
|
|
What are two key words that describe tabula rasa?
|
Blank slate
|
|
|
Shared human genes, unique genetic variation, gene-environment interaction, prenatal environment and hormonal activity are influences by what?
|
Birth
|
|
|
What kind of characteristics does nature contribute strongly to?
|
Size
Hair colour |
|
|
Complex traits are influenced by what two factors?
|
Genes
Environment |
|
|
What is a better explanation for development than nature versus nurture?
|
Nature VIA nurture
|
|
|
What is the idea behind nature via nurture?
|
That heredity creates predispositions but environment influences how they develop
|
|
|
What is the social ecology model of human development?
|
Humans exist within multiple environmental contexts
Some are more/less influential at different times |
|
|
What is cross-sectional research?
|
Different participants of various ages compared at one point
Determines age-related differences |
|
|
What is longitudinal research?
|
Participants studied at various ages
Age related changes |
|
|
What two kinds of differences may there be in developmental trajectories?
|
Quantitative differences
Qualitative differences |
|
|
Explain quantitative differences
|
Individuals with developmental delay/disability
Go through same stages of development but slower |
|
|
Explain qualitative differences
|
Individuals with autism
Develop social and emotional skills differently |
|
|
What three concepts come under development as an active process?
|
Reciprocal influences
Active agency Adaptiveness |
|
|
Explain reciprocal influences
|
Individuals continuously interact with a changing set of contexts
|
|
|
Explain active agency
|
Individuals can change the context as much as the context can change them
|
|
|
Adaptiveness
|
Individuals operate in ways that make sense given their perception of their environment
|
|
|
What is constructivism?
|
The idea that through engaging with the world, children construct schema
|
|
|
What are schema?
|
Mental representations that help us understand how the world works
|
|
|
Who is important to consider in constructivism?
|
Piaget
|
|
|
What is Piaget's first name?
|
Jean
|
|
|
Active thinking involves what two processes?
|
Assimilation
Accommodation |
|
|
What is assimilation?
|
Taking new information and incorporating it into existing schema
|
|
|
What is accommodation?
|
Adjusting current schemas to account for new information that doesn't fit old representations
|
|
|
Who is important in development through social interaction?
|
Lev Vygotsky
|
|
|
What is the idea behind development through social interaction?
|
Learning from contact
Learning 'scripts' for activities in the world |
|
|
What is cognition?
|
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
|
|
|
What did Piaget believe about the way adults and children think?
|
That they thought differently
|
|
|
What is the name of the theory Paget made to explain how children develop?
|
Theory of Cognitive Development
|
|
|
What is the first stage of cognitive development?
|
Sensorimotor
|
|
|
What ages roughly does the sensorimotor stage cover?
|
0-2
|
|
|
What important markers are there in the sensorimotor stage?
|
Simple reflexes
Circular reactions Object permanence Stranger anxiety |
|
|
What is object permanence?
|
Awareness that things exist even when they're not perceived
|
|
|
What is an example of a circular reaction?
|
1. Baby sucks thumb
2. Likes sucking 3. Continues sucking |
|
|
What is stage 2 of cognitive development?
|
Preoperational
|
|
|
What age does the pre operational stage cover?
|
2-7
|
|
|
What characteristics are there in the preoperational stage?
|
Use of mental representations
Limited problem solving Mental symbols Egocentrism |
|
|
What is an example of a mental symbol that a child may employ?
|
Fantasy play
Drawing Deferred imitation |
|
|
What is egocentrism?
|
Inability of a child to take another's point of view
Child cannot recognise other points of view exist Child cannot assume role of another person |
|
|
What is theory of mind?
|
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states
|
|
|
At what age does theory of mind develop?
|
Approximately 4-5 years of age
|
|
|
What mental condition is marked by impaired theory of mind in children?
|
Autism
|
|
|
What is the third stage of cognitive development?
|
Concrete operational
|
|
|
What ages does the concrete operational stage cover?
|
7-11
|
|
|
What characteristics are formed in the concrete operational stage?
|
Mental operations
Logical thinking Conservation |
|
|
What is conservation in developmental psych?
|
Knowing that a given quantity/weight/volume stays the same regardless of change in shape/volume/position
|
|
|
What is the fourth stage of cognitive development?
|
Formal operational
|
|
|
What ages does the formal operational stage cover?
|
12 years onward
|
|
|
What characteristics develop in the formal operational stage of development?
|
Abstract thinking
Imagined realities and images Formal problem solving |
|
|
What are some issues with Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
|
Development is thought to be more continuous than in stages
|
|
|
What 3 key categories of infant attachment are there?
|
Slow to warm up
Difficult Easy |
|
|
What percentage of infants fit into the 3 core infant attachment styles?
|
65%
|
|
|
What is classified as easy infant temperament?
|
Regular routines
Mild emotional reactions Easily soothes Readily adaptive to new people/situations |
|
|
What is classified as difficult temperament?
|
Does not easily settle into routines
Intense emotional reactions Not easily soothes Less adaptable |
|
|
What is classified as slow to warm up infant temperament?
|
Wary around new people and situations
Requires time and support to adapt |
|
|
Who did an experiment with geese and imprinting?
|
Lorenz
|
|
|
Lorenz found that within how many hours was it vital for geese to imprint?
|
First 72 hours
|
|
|
Who developed a theory of attachment after WWII?
|
John Bowlby
|
|
|
Who had the idea that children have a predisposition to form a secure base before exploring the world?
|
Bowlby
|
|
|
Who conducted surrogate mother experiments with monkeys?
|
Harlow
|
|
|
What were the results of Harlow's surrogate mother experiments?
|
Monkeys preferred the softer mother, even when feeding from nourishing mother
|
|
|
Can a lack of a secure base in the early months of life impact brain development?
|
Yes
Can cause long term emotional and cognitive problems |
|
|
How does the brain physically change when there is no secure base formed within the early months of life?
|
Parts for interaction with other people shrink
|
|
|
Who developed theories on different types of attachment?
|
Mary Ainsworth
|
|
|
Mary Ainsworth developed what experiment with 12-18 month old babies to assess quality of attachment?
|
Strage Situation
|
|
|
Why would the behaviour associated with different attachment styles be different in certain countries?
|
The differences in cultural norms
|
|
|
How many kinds of behaviours associated with different attachment styles are there?
|
5
|
|
|
Baby plays around mother, continues when she leaves and ignores on return. Attachment behaviour?
|
Avoidant (A)
|
|
|
What percentage of babies approximately are in the avoidant category?
|
25%
|
|
|
Approximately what percentage of babies are in the securely attached category?
|
60%
|
|
|
Baby uses mother as base, plays around her, distressed when she leaves and seeks her when she returns. Behaviour attachment type?
|
Securely attached
|
|
|
Apprxoimately 10% of babies fit into which behaviour associated with attachment styles?
|
Ambivalent/Resistant/Anxious
|
|
|
Baby clings to mother, does not explore, is distressed when she leaves and angry when she returns. What attachment behaviour is this?
|
Abivalent/Resistant/Anxious
|
|
|
Less than 10% of babies fit into what category of behaviour and attachment?
|
Disorganized
|
|
|
Baby is cautious in play, confused when mother leaves, acts oddly on her return eg. hitting self, screaming etc.
|
Disorganized
|
|
|
How many different parenting styles are there?
|
4
|
|
|
Name the 4 different parenting styles
|
Authoritarian
Authoritative Permissive Rejecting-neglecting |
|
|
Parents impose rules and expect obedience. What parenting style is this?
|
Authoritarian
|
|
|
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They set rules but also explain and encourage discussion. Parenting style?
|
Authoritative
|
|
|
Parent submits to children's desires, makes few demands and gives little punishment. What parenting style is this?
|
Permissive
|
|
|
Parent is disengaged and expects and invests little into their child. Parenting style?
|
Rejecting-neglecting
|
|
|
The best parenting style is which and why?
|
It differs based upon the cultural values.
|
|
|
What kinds of adult attachment styles are there?
|
Secure
Avoidant Anxious |
|
|
What characteristics would an adult with secure attachment show?
|
Easy to get close to others
Comfortable depending on others High self esteem Extrovert Not concerned about being abandoned |
|
|
What characteristics would an adult with avoid ant attachment show?
|
Uncomfortable with close relationships
Finds it difficult to trust completely Feels left out |
|
|
What characteristics would an adult with anxious attachment show?
|
Depression/anxiety/substance abuse
Worries excessively Wants more closeness Worries that partner doesn't love them |
|
|
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
|
Erik Erikson
|
|
|
How does Erik Erikson's theory of development differ from Piaget?
|
Continues throughout adulthood
|
|
|
What three stages are there in Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development for children?
|
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Industry vs. Inferiority |
|
|
Explain Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage?
|
Degree to which needs are met will effect degree of trust
0-1 |
|
|
Explain Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
|
Mastering it makes more independent
Toilet training 1-3 |
|
|
Explain Erikson's industry vs. inferiority stage
|
Primary school age
Awareness of competence in comparison to others 6-puberty |
|
|
Explain Erikson's initiative vs. guilt stage
|
3-6
Learning to initiate tasks Carry to plains Feel guilty about efforts to be independent |
|
|
Identity vs. Role Confusion
|
teens-20s
Refining sense of self Testing out roles and integrating them Form a single identity or become confused |
|
|
Intimacy vs. Isolation
|
20s-40s
Struggle to form close relationships Gain capacity for intimate love Or feel socially isolated |
|
|
Generativity vs. stagnation
|
Sense of contributing to the world
Lack of purpose |
|
|
Integrity vs. Despair
|
Feeling sense of satisfaction or failure
|
