Ap Psychology 2015 Unit 9: Developmental Psychology

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Zygote

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The fertilized egg it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into a embryo.

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Embryo

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The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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Fetus

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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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Teratogens

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Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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A physical and cognitive adnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking n severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions

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Habituation

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Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

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Maturation

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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience

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Cognition

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All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

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Schema

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a concept or framework that organizes that interprets information

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Assimilation

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Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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Accommodation

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Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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Sensorimotor stage

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In Piaget's theory the stage ( from birth to about 2 years of age ) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

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Object permanence

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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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Preoperational stage

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In Piaget's theory, the stage ( from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age ) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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Conservation

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The principle ( which Piaget believed to be a part of concentration operational reasoning ) that properties such as mass volume and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects

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Egocentrism

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In Piaget theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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Theory of mind

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peoples ideas about their own and others mental states about their feelings perceptions and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

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Concrete operational stages

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in piagets theory the stages of cognitive development ( from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age ) during which children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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Formal operational stage

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In Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development ( normally beginning about age 12 ) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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Autism

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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communications, social interactions, and understanding of other's states of mind

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Stranger Anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age.

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Attachment

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An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separations

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Critical period

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An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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Imprinting

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The process by which certain animals from attachments during a critical period very early in life

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Temperament

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A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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Basic Trust

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According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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Self- Concept

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Our understanding and evaluation of who are we

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Gender

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In Psychology the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

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Aggression

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Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

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X Chromosome

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The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

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Y Chromosome

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The chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

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Testosterone

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The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in makes stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

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Role

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A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

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Gender Role

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A set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

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Gender Identity

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Our sense of being male or female.

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Gender Typing

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The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

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Social Leading Theory

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The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

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Adolescence

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The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

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Puberty

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The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

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Primary Sex Characteristics

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The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

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Nonreproductive sexual characteristics.

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Menarche

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The first menstrual period.

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Identity

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Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

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Social Identity

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The "We" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" That comes from our group memberships.

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Intimacy

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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

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Emerging Adulthood

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For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid twenties , bridging the gal between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

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Menopause

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The the of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

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Cross-Sectional study

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A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

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Longitudinal Study

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Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

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Crystallized Intelligence

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Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

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Fluid Intelligence

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Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

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Social Clock

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The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.