Developmental Psychology

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Ambidextrous

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Able to use either hand with good coordination and fine motor skills; left-handed people are more likely to be this way

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Automaticity

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The ability to perform a motor activity without thinking

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Like walking downstairs without looking

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Intrinsically motivated behavior

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Behavior performed for its own sake, with no particular goal- demonstrates self-control.

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Extrinsically motivated behavior

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Behavior performed to obtain rewards or avoid aversive events- not to be confused with self control.

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Myelinization

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Sheathing of the fast-acting central nervous system pathways, increasing its speed and precision of transmission.

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Lateralization

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The specialization of the brain's hemispheres as specific skills and competencies become localized.
Causes handedness.

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Readiness

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The level of maturation and certain basic skills that should be present for learning any new motor or cognitive skill.

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Practice

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The self-designed, self-paced learning through imitation, repetition, and exporing necessary to motor development.

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Attention

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The product of a focused, alert, and engaged state of mind. Often children attend to and follow instructions best when they actively imitate motor skills.

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Preconceptual Period

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The first stage of Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-4. Children utilize symbolic play and communication.

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Intuitive or Transitional Period

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The second stage of Piaget's preoperational period, ages 5-7. Children better grasp reality, causation, and other points of view, though inconsistently.

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Animism

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Giving lifelike qualities to inanimate (but perhaps moving) objects, e.g. the sun.

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Reification

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Representation of imaginary ideas as real. Difficult to think abstractly, they take things literally.

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Egocentrism

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A self-centered view of the world, perceiving everything in relation to yourself.

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Symbolic Representation

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The use of actions, images, or words to represent objects, experiences, concepts, and events.

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Conservation

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The understanding that changing the shape or appearance of an object doesn't change the amount- a limitation on preoperational thinking.

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Zone of Proximal Development

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Vygotsky's concept that children develop through participation in activities slightly beyond their competence with the help of an older person.

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Scaffolding

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The progressive structuring of parent-child interactions, so that the difficulty of tasks is appropriate to the child's ability.

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Recognition

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The ability to correctly identify items previously experienced when they appear again.

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Recall

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The ability to retrieve information with or without cues.

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Scripts

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Mental sequences for routine events, remembering the order that repeated events occur.

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Overregularize

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To generalize language principles and misuse words; typically by preschool children who are expanding their vocabulary.

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Private Speech

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The language one uses to talk aloud to oneself.

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Collective Monologues

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Children's conversations that include taking talking turns, but not necessarily about the same topic.

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Pragmatics

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The social and practical aspects of language use, when children learn how to properly converse.

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Dramatic Play

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Imitation of behavior, fantasy, and novel ways of interaction as children learn the social aspects of their culture; ages 3 or 4

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Parallel Play

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When children play side by side but do not interact cognitively, too egocentric to play socially.

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Cognition

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The nature and process of mental operations

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Intelligence

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The quality (magnitude, efficacy, strength) of mental operations

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IQ

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Intelligence quotient- mental age divided by chronological age, times 100; an accurate predictor of academic success (Stanford Binet)

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Deviation IQ

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Compares an individual's raw IQ score with the scores of other subjects the same age, everyone drops out of the test according to the discontinuation criteria (Weschler)

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Verbal IQ

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Measure of linguistic, reasoning, abstraction, social, concentration/memory, and knowledge skills.

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Performance IQ

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Measure of perceptual, spatial, coordination, nonverbal, and motor skills.

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The IQ Controversy

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Whites score higher than minorities, due to cultural bias, lack of diversity, and cultural/SES disadvantages.

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6 R's of Learning

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Remembering, reasoning, repeating, reorganizing, relating, reflecting.

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Mental Retardation

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low levels of intellectual functioning and self-help skills due to genetics, brain trauma, or unknown- mild, moderate, severe or profound.

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Learning Disorders

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Extreme difficulty in learning specific school subjects despite normal intelligence and absence of sensory or motor disabilities.

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ADHD

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder- inability to focus on something long enough to learn it, often with poor impulse control.

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Morality

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Ideas about fairness and justice, right and wrong, good and bad.

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Social Inference

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Guesses and assumptions about what another person is feeling, thinking or intending; component of social cognition.

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Social repsonsibility

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Obligations to family, friends, and society at large; component of social cognition.

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Social regulations

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The rules and conventions governing social interactions; component of social cognition.

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Piaget's view of morality

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Moral structure evolves developmentally in interaction between changing cognition and social experience- realism and relativism

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Moral Realism

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Piaget's first stage of moral development- children believe in rules as real, indestructible things.

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Moral Relativism

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Piaget's second stage of moral development- children realize that rules are agreements that may change if necessary

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Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

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Expansion of Piaget's view, a cognitive 6-step model

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Kohlberg's Stage 1 of Moral Development

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Punishment and obedience orientation- obeys rules to avoid punishment
(Preconventional stage)

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Kohlberg's Stage 2 of Moral Development

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Naive instrumental hedonism- obeys to receive rewards and returned favors
(Preconventional stage)

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Kohlberg's Stage 3 of Moral Development

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"Good boy" morality of conforming to maintain good relations, approval of others
(Conventional stage)

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Kohlberg's Stage 4 of Moral Development

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Authority-maintaining morality- to avoid being found guilty by authorities.
(Conventional stage)

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Kohlberg's Stage 5 of Moral Development

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Morality of contract, of individual rights, and of democratic law- abides laws for community welfare
(Postconventional stage)

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Kohlberg's Stage 6 of Moral Development

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Morality of individual principles of conscience- universal ethical principles
(Postconventional stage)

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Gilligan and Gender

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Male moral reasoning based on justice; female moral reasoning based on human relationships and caring.

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Rite of passage

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Symbolic events or rituals to mark life transitions, such as from childhood to adulthood (all cultures)

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Three Tasks of Adolescence

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1. Form identity
2. Separate from parents
3. Deal with sexuality

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Menarche

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The onset of menstruation

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Puberty

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The attainment of physical sexual maturity

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Anorexia Nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by obsession by thoughts of an unattainable image of perfect thinness

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Bullemia nervosa

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An eating disorder characterized by binging and purging.

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Imaginary Audience

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Adolescent's assumption that others are focusing a great deal of critical attention on them

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Personal Fable

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Adolescent's feeling that they are special and invulnerable- exempt from the laws of nature that control the destinies of ordinary mortals.

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Disequilibrium

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A struggle to resolve contradictions in more complex moral issues