Developmental Psychology

Front 1

initiative versus guilt

Back 1

the third of Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development, in which the young child eagerly begins new projects and activities and feels guilt when his or her efforts result in failure or criticism.

Front 2

many factors influence growth

Back 2

the three most influential factors are: genes, health and nutrition

Front 3

myelination

Back 3

the process by which axons and dendrites become insulated with a coating of myelin, a fatty substance that speed transmission of verve impulses for nueron to neuron in the brain

Front 4

theory-theory

Back 4

children attempt to construct a theory to explain everything they see and hear

Front 5

Vygotsky theoried that children do not strive....
their efforts are embedded in .....

Back 5

alone

a social context

Front 6

zone of proximal development

Back 6

a range of skills that a person can exercise with assistance but is not quite able to preform independentyl

Front 7

theory of mind

Back 7

an understanding of human mental processes

Front 8

guided participation

Back 8

the adult or other mentor's aid in guiding the next step of learning motivated by the learners' need for social interaction

Front 9

apprentice

Back 9

the preschoolers tendency to look to others for insight and guidance, particularly in the cognitive realm

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scaffold

Back 10

the building blocks for learning put in place by a "teacher" or culture

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emergent theory

Back 11

theories that bring together information for many disciplines but that have not yet cohered into theories that are comprehensive and systematic

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fast mapping

Back 12

the speedy and not very precise process of acquiring vocabulary by mentally "charting' new words into interconnected categories

Front 13

overregularization

Back 13

the young child's tendency to apply the rules of grammar even when doing so is not necessarily important

Front 14

Montessori schools, child-centered and readiness programs, and reggio-emilia and kindergarten

Back 14

good preschools

Front 15

emotional regulation

Back 15

the ability beginning in early childhoog to direct or modify one's feelings particularly feelings of fear, frustration and anger

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prosocial

Back 16

behaving in ways that help other people with obvious benifit to onesself

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antisocial

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behaving in ways that are deliberatly hurtful or destructive

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instrumental aggression

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forceful behavior that is aimed at getting of keeping an object or priviledge that is also desired by another person

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reactive aggression

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forceful behavior that is an angry retalitation for some intential or accidental act

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relational aggression

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forceful behavior that takes the form of insults or social rejection aimed at harming social connections

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bullying aggression

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forceful behavior that taks the form of an unprovoked physical or verbal attack on another especially one who is unlikely to defend himself or herself

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rough and tumble play

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a type of active play- that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing or hitting but that actually occurs in fun, with no intent to harm

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sociodramatic play

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a type of imaginative play- pretend play in which children act out various roles and themes in stories that they create themselves

Front 24

authoritarian parenting

Back 24

the word is the law, not to be questioned: raise children who are likely to be conscientious, obedient, and quiet, they more likely to feel guilty or depressed and internalize frustrations

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permissive parenting

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some parents make few demands, hiding any impatience they feel. the parent seldom punishes guides or controls their chil, but are nurturant and communicate well with the child: raise children who are likely to be less happy, and lack self-control, their inadequate emotional regulation makes them immature

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Authoritative parenting

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the parents set limits and provide guidance for their child but are willings to listen to the chil's ideas and to make compromise: raise children who are likely to be successful articulart intelligent happy with themselves and generous with others

Front 27

the purpose of childrens play before the age of 6

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is learning development