Developmental Psychology 20008 (Melb Uni) Lecture 18

Front 1

• .................... continuity – principle that humans
share some characteristics with other animals due to common .......................... background

Back 1

Phylogenetic, evolutionary

Front 2

• Prenatal development is divided into three major phases • The ................. moves, learns, and receives sensory information • ......................... are environmental hazards that cause damage during prenatal period
• Babies sleep ~ ....... per day, it takes between 4 and 6
months for sleep patterns to emerge, and crying peaks at about ..... weeks of age

Back 2

fetus, Teratogens, 16, 6

Front 3

Major Developments Zygote: Week1

Back 3

one celled zygote divide and becomes a blastocyst

Front 4

Major Developments Zygote: Week2

Back 4

Blastocyst implants into uterine wall: structures that nourish
and protect the organism – amnion, chorion, yolk sac,
placenta, umbilical cord – begin to form

Front 5

Major Developments Embryo: Week 3-4

Back 5

Brain, spinal cord and heart form, as do the rudimentary
structures that will become the eyes, ears, nose, mouth and
limbs

Front 6

Major Developments Embryo: Week 3-4

Back 6

External body structures (eyes, ears, limbs) and internal organs
form. Embryo produces its own blood and can now move

Front 7

Major Developments Fetus: Week 9-12

Back 7

Rapid growth and interconnections of all organ systems permit such new competencies as body and limb movements, swallowing, digestion of nutrients, urination. External genitalia form

Front 8

Major Developments Fetus: Week 13-24

Back 8

Fetus grows rapidly. Fetal movements are felt by the mother and fetal heartbeats can be heard. Fetus is covered by vernix to prevent chapping; it also reacts to bright lights and loud sounds.

Front 9

Major Developments Fetus: Week 25-38

Back 9

Growth continues and all organ systems mature in preparation
for birth. Fetus reaches the age of viability and becomes more
regular and predictable in its sleep cycles and motor activity.
Layer of fat develops under the skin. Activity becomes less
frequent and sleep more frequent during the last 2 weeks
before birth.

Front 10

Central nervous system (CNS):

Back 10

Brain and spinal cord

Front 11

Peripheral nervous system:

Back 11

Nerves attached to the CNS that lie outside of the CNS

Front 12

Soma:

Back 12

The cell body of a neuron, which
contains the nucleus

Front 13

Dendrite:

Back 13

A branched, tree-like structure
attached to the soma. It receives information from terminals of other neurons

Front 14

Synapse:

Back 14

A junction between the terminal of the axon and the membrane of another neuron

Front 15

Axon:

Back 15

Long thin cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron
to its terminal

Front 16

Multipolar neuron

Back 16

A neuron with one axon and
many dendrites attached to its soma

Front 17

Neurotransmitter:

Back 17

A chemical released by the
nerve terminal that has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron

Front 18

Neurons: Basic unit of the
.............. • Three basic types
– ................. neurons – ...................neurons – Interneurons

Back 18

brain, Sensory, motor

Front 19

All neurons have…1.C............... b................ 2. D................... 3. A...............

Back 19

1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon

Front 20

Neurons: Receive and transmit
neural .................... across the ....................... • Product of the
neural............ • They migrate

Back 20

impulses, synapses, tube

Front 21

Neurons assume ..................functions depending on where they migrate • Any neuron has the potential to serve any ............... purpose (pluripotency)

Back 21

specialised, neural

Front 22

Stem cells (SC):Totipotent=

Back 22

ability to develop into any cell of the organism plus all cell types of the extra- embryonic tissues (e.g. placenta)

Front 23

Stem cells (SC):Pluripotent=

Back 23

ability to develop into any cell of the organism

Front 24

Stem cells (SC):Multipotent=

Back 24

ability to develop into a limited
set of cell types

Front 25

Glial cells:Astrocytes

Back 25

Mop up – Feed neurons
– Control where and when of synaptogenesis

Front 26

Glial cells:Microglia

Back 26

Immune system

Front 27

Glial cells:Oligodendrocytes

Back 27

extrude myelin

Front 28

Glial cells:NG2+ cells

Back 28

Precursor cells to oligodendrocytes in white matter and possibly astrocytes in grey matter

Front 29

Diencephalon (............-brain)
Telencephalon (cerebrum in .....................brain)

Back 29

inter, mature

Front 30

.........th week of gestation – peak number of neurones •.............................. of neurons is needed to keep them alive

Back 30

28, stimulation

Front 31

Young infant’s brain is highly................

Back 31

plastic

Front 32

Cells that are not needed will die (....................)

Back 32

apoptosis

Front 33

Connections between cells that are not used will die (.................. .................)

Back 33

synaptic pruning

Front 34

....................... is the development of new neurons

Back 34

Neurogenesis

Front 35

.......................... is the development of new
synapses

Back 35

Synaptogenesis

Front 36

..................... is programmed cell death

Back 36

Apoptosis

Front 37

......................is the insulation of axon of neuron with white matter

Back 37

Myelination

Front 38

Types of.................. cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.

Back 38

glial