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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Body growth in middle childhood
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Slow regular pattern
Girls are shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body grows fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive |
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Health risks for obese children
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More likely to be overweight adults
Lifelong health risks include: High blood pressure/cholesterol Respiratory problems diabetes liver, gall bladder disease sleep; digestive disorder cancer early death |
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causes of obesity in middle childhood
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overweight parents
low SES Parents feeding practices overfeeding overly contorlling Low physical activity television cultural food environemtn |
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What are the psychological and social consequences of obesity
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Feeling unattractive
stereotyping teasing social isolation depression emotional problems school problems problem behaviors reduced life chances |
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Motor development in middle childhood
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Gross motor skills improve:
Flexibility balance agility force Fine motor skills gains writing drawing |
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Sex differences in motor development
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Girls are better at fine-motor skills
Boys are better at gross-motor skills and sports Social environment parental expectations self perceptions coaching; media messages |
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What happens to drawing as children grow up
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Increasing detail appears in drawings by 8 and 10 year olds.
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Physical play development
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Games with rules are comon such as sports and invented games
Rough and tumble play video games Adult-organized sports physical education |
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Piaget's theory Which stage are children in in middle childhood
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concerete operational
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What are the achievements children make in Piaget's concrete operational stage in middle childhood
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Conservation
decentration and reversibility Classification Seriation transitive inference Spatial reasoning directions maps |
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How does the development of mapping skills developp
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Preschool/early school age landmarks
Ages 8-10 landmarks along organized route of travel End of middle childhood - overall view of large scale space |
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What are some limits of piaget's concrete operatonal thought
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Operations work best with concrete information
they still have problems with abstract ideas. Continuum of acquisition They master concrete operational tasks gradually, step by step. |
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Follow up research on concrete operational thought
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Culture and schooling affect task performance
a) going to school gives experience on Piagetian tasks b) Relevant non-school experiences of some culture can help too |
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Attention in middle childhood
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Attention becomes more
a)selective b)adaptable c) planful |
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom and what it results in
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Inattention
Impulsitivy Excessive motor activity Results in: social problems academic problems |
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How is ADHD treated?
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Stimulant medications are one option
1. some risks are associated with these 2. Sometimes this isn't enough Family intervention Adults with ADHD need ongoing assistance |
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Promoting cognitive self-regulation
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Point out important features of tasks
stress importance of planful learning Suggest effective learning strategeies Emphasize monitoring of progress |
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how is reading progressing
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Reading increases phonological awareness, information processing speed, and practice increases reading skills
mix of whole-language and phonetics |
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How is math progressing
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Learning facts and skills through practice and reasoning and strategies
Blend drill and "number sense" approaches |
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Social and emotional intelligence
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Perceiving
understanding regulating emotions |
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Communication skills can either have?
Which group is associated with what? What is associated with each ste of skills |
HIgher SES or Lower SES
Whites typically have higher SES Minorities typically have lower SES Higher SES has knowledge training questions and heiarchical task style Lower SES typically have real questions with no right answer and develop complex verbal skills. Also they focus on collaborative task style |
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Language development
Vocabulary |
Increases fourfold during school years
20 new words per day |
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Language development
Gramer |
Mastery of complex constructions
Advanced understanding of infinitive phrases |
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Language development
Pragmatics |
Adjust to people and situations
Phrase requests to get what they want |
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Learning 2 languages
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Bilingual development learn both languages at the same time OR learn first language, thensecond
Sensitive period during childhood. Bilingual education language immersion english only programs have a risk of semilingualism |
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Creativivy and divergent thinking
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The ability to produce original appropriate work
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Convergent thinking
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single correct answer
emphasized on intelligence tests |
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Divergent thinking
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Generating multiple, unusual possibilities
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What Erikson stage are middle childhood kids in?
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Industry versus inferiority
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If children develop Erikson's stage of industry they will
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Develop a sense of competence at useful skills.
School provides many opportunities |
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If children develop Erikson inferiority
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Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
Family environmnet, teachers, and peers contribute to negative feelings |
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Changes in self concept in middle childhood
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More balanced, less all or none descriptions
Social comparisons Ideal and real self Reference social groups cultural variations |
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What influences a child's self esteem
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Culture
child rearing practices attributions Mastery-oriented learned helplessness |
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Role of parenting in self esteem
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Authoritative style is best
Amerian cultural values focus on self this can lead to overindulgence paradox; less achievement behaviors, more antisocial behaviors Encourage goal setting to boost self esteem |
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Influences on achievement related attribuations
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Parents
can have too high of standards or believe the child incapable trait statements Teachers learning vs. performance goals gender influences SES, ethnicity cultural values |
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Changes in moral views
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Flexible moral rules
lying isn't always seen as bad anymore truth isn't always good Clarify the link between moral imperative and social convention more respect for conventions with purposes consider intentions |
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Understanding individual rights
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challenge adult authority within personal domain
view denials of personal choice as wrong However, place limits on individual choice Typically decide in favor of kindness and fairness |
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Understanding diversity and inequality
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School age children
typically associate power, privilege with white person assign stereotyped traits to minorities With age,reduce prejudice consider inner traits Individual differences based on fixed view of personality traits overly high self-esteem social world in which people are sorted into groups |
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REducing prejudice
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Long-term intergroup contact
neighborhoods schools communities Foster belief in changeability of human traits Volunteering |
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Euresis
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10% of boys in middle childhood still have bed wetting problems
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What can children do as far as motor development by middle childhood
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Can kick, throw, dribble, bat, climb trees, do gymnastics
However, sex differences are still present boys still higher in gross and girls still better in fine 1. various impacts on abliity 2. play becomes more mature 3. drawing becomes more detailed |
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Concrete operational throught what ages does this affect
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7-11
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Decentration
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can focus on more than one aspect of a task instead of centering on one
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Reversibility
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capable of mentally going through steps in reverse direction
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Ability to classify develops in Piaget stage
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Collection years
sort collections in several ways i.e. dollhouse furniture |
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Seriation
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can organize by some salient characterictics i.e. longest to shortest
younger kids do this haphazardly Can infer that A is longer than C if A is longer than B and B is longer than C provided they have concrete representataion in front of them |
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Spatial reasoning develops in middle childhood
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Better understanding of space (filling up space has same value as empty space)
Can give clear well organized directions. Will mentally walk to place. |
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COmbined Piagetian and information processing
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Don't master all of Piaget's tasks at once.
Less stage like and more continuous Gains in information processing frees up working memory to deal with other aspects of the problem. Influenced by culture and years of schooling improved cognitive and self-regulation (continuously monitor [rogress toward a goal and redirect unsuccessful efforst). |
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Self concept
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My naem is Amy, I am a human being, I am a girl, I'm not pretty. I'm a very good pianist.
A well organized psychological self emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles other's attitudes toward the child. Perspective taking skills (improved ability to infer what others thinking) are crucial for development of self-concept. As children become better at "reading" others' messages and internalizing their expectations, they form an ideal self that they use to evaluate their real self. A learge descrepeancy can undermine self esteem. |
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What happens to their self estteem
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Develps as more complex. All young kids think they are great at everything
More self conscious emotions even if no adult is present more social comparisons. (hard for kids at 6-12) Hold 2 conflicting emotions simultaneously and at different intensity |
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Attribution
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common, everyday explanation for the causes of behavior
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Mastery-oriented
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Children who have high academic self-esteem and motivation; they credit their successes to ability; failure can be controlled or changed
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Learned helplessness
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Attribute their failures, not their successes, to abliity; when they believe ability is fixed and cannot be improved by trying hard.
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