Developmental Psych - Final

Front 1

puberty

Back 1

when a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilisation.

Front 2

menarche

Back 2

first menstrual period

Front 3

spermarche

Back 3

beginning of development of sperm in boys’ testicles at puberty

Front 4

testosterone

Back 4

the androgen most important in
pubertal development among boys

Front 5

estrogen

Back 5

sex hormones that have especially
high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics

Front 6

primary sex characteristics

Back 6

production of eggs (ova) and sperm and the development of the sex organs

Front 7

secondary sex characteristics

Back 7

bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction

Front 8

adolescent growth spurt

Back 8

increase in height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when the child has developed an adult body

Front 9

secular trend

Back 9

change in the characteristics of a population over time: average age of menarche is decreasing

Front 10

anorexia

Back 10

eating disorder characterized by
intentional self-starvation

Front 11

bulimia

Back 11

eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by purging (self-induced vomiting)

Front 12

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Back 12

the ability to develop a hypotheses about the ways to solve a problem, and then to systematically conclude, or deduce, the best path for solving the problem.

Front 13

personal fable

Back 13

belief in one’s personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the
consequences of taking risks

Front 14

imaginary audience

Back 14

belief that others are acutely
aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behavior

Front 15

factors contributing to timing of menarche

Back 15

heredity, weight, family environment, race

Front 16

how does sleep change in adolescence?

Back 16

circadian rhythm changes: going to bed later (can self select bed times, more stimulation, stress/anxiety make it difficult to fall asleep)

Front 17

how do changes in adolescent sleep relate to problems they face?

Back 17

Later bed times coupled with earlier rising times: 40% of adolescents are sleep deprived. Circadian shift on weekends affect rhythm.

Front 18

identity

Back 18

Career Path, Political Affiliation
Spiritual Beliefs, Relationship Identity, Sexual Identity, Achievement Identity, Ethnic Identity, Personal Identity

Front 19

sexual orientation

Back 19

describes an enduring pattern of attraction—emotional, romantic, sexual, or some combination of these—to the opposite sex, the same sex, both, or neither, and the genders that accompany them

Front 20

cliques

Back 20

tightly structured groups of 5-7 friends- begin as same sex, by mid-adolescence mixed sex, in late adolescence groups of couples

Front 21

crowds

Back 21

larger, more loosely organized groups of cliques- based on reputation and stereo type, provides identity in larger school culture

Front 22

generation gap

Back 22

parent-adolescent differences in values and attitudes (studies show differences mostly in personal preferences, not in the importance of hard work,
educational aspirations, core values)

Front 23

G. Stanley Hall's theory of storm and stress

Back 23

three key aspects: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risky behavior- not all adolescents experience it, but is more likely during adolescence than at other ages (recent research with rats demonstrated this)

Front 24

boys - characteristics associated with early maturation

Back 24

viewed as mature, relaxed, independent, self-confident, physically attractive; leadership positions; report slightly more psych. stress; more positive body image; declines in academic performance; may become rigid, inflexible, conforming and somewhat discontented adults

Front 25

girls - characteristics associated with early maturation

Back 25

Withdrawn, lacking in self- confidence, and psychologically stressed
Hold fewer leadership positions
Below average popularity
Less positive body image, which persists
Declines in academic performance and increased deviance
Less problematic if attending K-6 rather than K-8 schools
Lower educational attainment
Less delinquency if in all-girl schools

Front 26

boys - characteristics associated with late maturation

Back 26

Viewed as anxious, overly talkative and attention seeking
Poorer body image, which resolves after puberty occurred
More independent, flexible, cognitively competent and satisfied adults

Front 27

girls - characteristics associated with late maturation

Back 27

Well-adjusted
Regarded as attractive, lively and sociable
Often in leadership positions
May become rigid, inflexible, conforming and somewhat discontented adults

Front 28

Changes associated w/ puberty and parent/adolescent relationships

Back 28

Some increase in conflict, especially bickering- due to changes in the balance of power, puberty and cognitive changes

Front 29

4 identity statuses (James Murcia)

Back 29

moratorium, achieved, diffusion, foreclosed

Front 30

moratorium

Back 30

Ongoing and active exploration of alternatives to find values and goals that fit and will provide guidance and coherence
Considered the other “high status” or positive identity formation stage
They describe their current thinking and behavior in terms of active exploration of different points of view or behaviors
May seem frustrated or confused, but they are actively addressing these issues

Front 31

identity achieved

Back 31

Committed to a clearly formulated set of values and goals
Feel a sense of psychological well-being, self-continuity, and purpose
Have reached this stage after having passed through moratorium

Front 32

identity forclosure

Back 32

Have accepted values and goals that authority figures have chosen for them
It is not just that they agree with authority figures, but that they have clearly NOT gone through a stage of active questioning before arriving at these goals and values
Typically they name the group they agree with and often express the opinion that questioning those views would not be a worthwhile or admirable exercise

Front 33

identity diffusion

Back 33

Do not have a firm commitment to values or goals and are not actively exploring alternatives
Apathetic, powerless, disinterested, disdainful responses

Front 34

Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral reasoning

Back 34

preconventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, postconventional reasoning

Front 35

preconventional reasoning

Back 35

individuals show concern with self interest and external rewards and punishments

Front 36

conventional reasoning

Back 36

individual does what is expected of them by others

Front 37

postconventional reasoning

Back 37

individual develops more autonomous decision making based on principles of rights and justice

Front 38

Kohlberg's tasks

Back 38

presented a series of fictional dilemmas, each of which was constructed to elicit moral reasoning. ex. a man must decide whether or not to steal a drug he cannot afford, to save his dying wife; train dilemma; bridge/train dilemma

Front 39

health sexual development

Back 39

Need to feel comfortable with maturing body
Accept having feelings of sexual arousal as normal
Understanding that sex is a voluntary activity
Understanding and practicing safe sex

Front 40

describe adolescent susceptibility to addiction

Back 40

decrease in dopamine production after drug/alcohol use, extremely sensitive period for the dopaminergic systerm

Front 41

emerging adulthood

Back 41

Approximately 18-25 years old
Socially constructed period because of delays in adult milestones
Involves experimentation and exploration of lifestyle choices and decision making

Front 42

pragmatism

Back 42

postformal thinking involves
adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations

Front 43

reflective thinking

Back 43

capacity to evaluate the
accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and
arguments, theorized to develop during emerging
adulthood

Front 44

postformal thought

Back 44

the stage of cognitive development that follows formal operations and includes advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment

Front 45

alcoholism

Back 45

a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages

Front 46

binge drinking

Back 46

four or more drinks in one instance of drinking-

Front 47

cardiac output

Back 47

quantity of blood flow from the
heart, peaks at age 25

Front 48

eveningness

Back 48

preference for going to bed late and waking up late

Front 49

binge drinking associated with...

Back 49

Unintentional injuries (car crashes, drowning, burns)
Intentional injuries (assaults, domestic violence)
Alcohol poisoning
STD’s
Unintended pregnancy
Neurological damage
Sexual dysfunction
Children born with FAS

Front 50

binge drinking- intervention ideas

Back 50

lower drinking age, fewer liquor stores in college towns, harsher penalties for underage drinking, providing alcohol to a minor, and for DUI's

Front 51

cohabitation

Back 51

unmarried romantic partners living
together

Front 52

sexually transmitted infection

Back 52

infection transmitted through sexual contact (chlamydia,
human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and HIV/AIDS)

Front 53

college experience- purpose

Back 53

Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns
Relativistic thinking
Increased self-understanding
Depends on participation in campus life
*Vocation identity and identity exploration

Front 54

why do people drop out of college?

Back 54

30-50% drop out
Personal factors
Preparation, motivation, skills
Financial problems
Institutional factors
Little help, community
Cultural disrespect

Front 55

stages of vocational exploration (Supers)

Back 55

fantasy, crystallization, specification, implementation, stabilization, consolidation

Front 56

fantasy

Back 56

unrealistic ideals

Front 57

crystallization

Back 57

developing and planning a tentative vocational goal

Front 58

specification

Back 58

firming the vocational goal

Front 59

implementation

Back 59

training for and obtaining employment

Front 60

stabilization

Back 60

working and confirming career choice

Front 61

consolidation

Back 61

advancement

Front 62

4 ethnic identity statuses

Back 62

bicultural, assimilated, separated, marginal

Front 63

bicultural

Back 63

high identification with both ethnic group and majority culture

Front 64

assimilated

Back 64

low identification with ethnic group and high identification with majority culture

Front 65

separated

Back 65

high identification with ethnic group and low identification with majority culture

Front 66

marginal

Back 66

low identification with ethnic group and low identification with majority culture

Front 67

religious development categories

Back 67

selective adherents, indifferent/disconnected, spiritually open, committed traditionalists, irreligious

Front 68

selective adherents

Back 68

identify w/ a particular denomination, but choose what parts of the doctrine they believe, reject other parts and add other beliefs outside the doctrine

Front 69

indifferent/disconnected

Back 69

little knowledge of opinion on religion

Front 70

spiritually open

Back 70

agnostic- believe in some kind of higher power, but do not identify with any particular religion or explanation of that higher power

Front 71

consolidation

Back 71

advancement

Front 72

4 ethnic identity statuses

Back 72

bicultural, assimilated, separated, marginal

Front 73

bicultural

Back 73

high identification with both ethnic group and majority culture

Front 74

assimilated

Back 74

low identification with ethnic group and high identification with majority culture

Front 75

separated

Back 75

high identification with ethnic group and low identification with majority culture

Front 76

marginal

Back 76

low identification with ethnic group and low identification with majority culture

Front 77

religious development categories

Back 77

selective adherents, indifferent/disconnected, spiritually open, committed traditionalists, irreligious

Front 78

selective adherents

Back 78

identify w/ a particular denomination, but choose what parts of the doctrine they believe, reject other parts and add other beliefs outside the doctrine (30%)

Front 79

indifferent/disconnected

Back 79

little knowledge of opinion on religion (30%)

Front 80

spiritually open

Back 80

agnostic- believe in some kind of higher power, but do not identify with any particular religion or explanation of that higher power (15%)

Front 81

committed traditionalists

Back 81

strong faith- most likely to attend religious services (15%)

Front 82

irreligious

Back 82

actively hostile to religion (10%)

Front 83

presbyopia

Back 83

condition in which the lens of the eye loses its ability to focus, making it difficult to see objects up close

Front 84

sarcopenia

Back 84

age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, specially common in the back and legs -- exercise can reduce these declines

Front 85

climacteria

Back 85

the midlife transition in which fertility declines

Front 86

expertise

Back 86

extensive knowledge and skills in a specific field- efficient organization of info, deeper analysis, more automatic, notice nuances in problem solving that a novice would not

Front 87

presbycusis

Back 87

age-related hearing loss

Front 88

myopia

Back 88

nearsightedness- trouble seeing things that are far away

Front 89

vital capacity

Back 89

maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation- declines with age

Front 90

meopause

Back 90

when a woman’s menstrual periods completely cease

Front 91

erectile dysfunction

Back 91

inability to achieve or maintain an erect penis for satisfactory sexual performance

Front 92

hypertension

Back 92

chronically high blood pressure

Front 93

osteoporosis

Back 93

bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion

Front 94

hormone replacement therapy

Back 94

the use of synthetic or natural female hormones to make up for the decline or lack of natural hormones produced in a woman's body- to relieve the symptoms of menopause

Front 95

fluid intelligence

Back 95

information processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relationships between unrelated stimuli, speed of synthesizing new information

Front 96

crystallized intelligence

Back 96

accumulation of culturally based knowledge. Includes vocabulary, information in long-term memory, and logical reasoning abilities

Front 97

physical changes- aging

Back 97

wrinkling and sagging of skin, aging spots, hair thins and grays, yellowing of teeth, nails become discolored, thick and brittle

Front 98

causes of menopause

Back 98

during a period called perimenopause (10 yr period prior) the production of estrogen and progesterone steadily declines, resulting in the end of monthly ovulation and menstruation

Front 99

symptoms of menopause

Back 99

Hot Flashes, Night Sweats
Vaginal Dryness, Painful Intercourse
Sleep Disturbances
Mood Disturbances**
Urinary incontinence**

Front 100

treatments for menopause

Back 100

hormone replacement therapy

Front 101

osteoporosis risk factors

Back 101

being an older caucasian or asian woman (can't control), low estrogen, low testosterone, anorexia, low lifetime diet in calcium and vitamin d, steroids or anticonvulsants, inactive lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol use

Front 102

osteoporosis symptoms

Back 102

Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra
Loss of height over time
A stooped posture
A bone fracture that occurs much more easily than expected

Front 103

osteoporosis treatment

Back 103

the only thoroughly effective treatment is prevention

Front 104

factors predicting different health outcomes in middle adulthood

Back 104

Behavioral Influences
Socioeconomic Status
Race/ Ethnicity
Gender
Stress - accelerates aging

Front 105

stress

Back 105

The damage that occurs when perceived environmental demands exceed a person’s capacity to cope with them- affects health both short-term and long-term, and chronic stress is implicated in many age-related disease states

Front 106

role of expertise

Back 106

Middle adulthood marks an increase in competencies shown in solving problems effectively in a chosen vocational field

Front 107

generativity

Back 107

perpetuating one’s influence on the generation that follows
I feel as though I have made a difference to many people
I have made and created things that have had an impact on other people
I think that I will be remembered for a long time after I die
I have important skills that I try to teach others
I have made many commitments to many different kinds of people, groups and activities in my life
People come to me for advice
Other people say that I am a very productive person

Front 108

mid-life crisis

Back 108

Present in some life events models, the idea that middle adulthood is marked by increased anxiety, unhappiness, and a critical reappraisal of one’s life.

Front 109

mid-life crisis characterized by...

Back 109

focus on the finite nature of life.
realize they will not live forever.
concentrate on the present.
begin to question some of their fundamental assumptions.
experience their first signs of aging.
begin to doubt the value of their accomplishments.
confront the fact that they will not be able to accomplish all their aims before they die.

Front 110

sandwich generation

Back 110

middle adulthood: taking care of one's children as well as one's aging parents

Front 111

caregiver burnout

Back 111

happens frequently with adults and their aging parents- feeling unable to attend to the ever growing needs of one's parents or parents-in-law

Front 112

normative crisis model

Back 112

Views psychosocial development in terms of fairly universal stages, tied to a sequence of age-related crises.

Front 113

life events model

Back 113

Suggests that timing of particular events, rather than age per se, determines course of psychosocial development

Front 114

boomerang children

Back 114

individuals who move back in with their parents after college

Front 115

reasons children boomerang

Back 115

Men are more likely to do it than women.
Unable to find a job.
Difficulty making ends meet.
People are marrying at later ages.
Parents' reactions are both positive and negative

Front 116

changes associated w/ parenting

Back 116

Dealing with adolescence
“Letting Go”
“Sandwich” generation
Empty nest
Parenting grown children
Becoming a grandparent!

Front 117

pros of parenting

Back 117

giving/receiving love and attention, greater meaning to life, becoming less selfish, learning to sacrifice, satisfaction of watching children grow, less fear of your own death

Front 118

cons of parenting

Back 118

loss of freedom, restriction of choices, not enough time for family and work, less time with partner, worries over child's health and safety, fear that children will turn out unhappy

Front 119

well being in adulthood: components of

Back 119

self acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy. U shaped curve of well being, starts out high, dips and comes back up in adulthood.

Front 120

self-acceptance

Back 120

holding a positive attitude toward oneself and one's past life. (component of adult well being)

Front 121

positive relations w/ people

Back 121

having warm, satisfying, trusting relationships with others and concern and empathy for others.
(component of adult well being)

Front 122

autonomy

Back 122

being self-determined, independent, and resistant to social pressures.
(component of adult well being)

Front 123

empty nest syndrome

Back 123

Parents experience feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children's departure from home.
More of a myth than a reality
The real stressor may be the refilling of the nest by grown children returning home.

Front 124

benefits of children leaving home

Back 124

Parents can work harder.
More time alone.
House stays cleaner.
Phone doesn't ring so much

Front 125

ageism

Back 125

Prejudice or discrimination against a person based on age

Front 126

how is ageism expressed?

Back 126

Negative attitudes about older people, especially about competence and attractiveness.
Job discrimination
Identical behavior by an older person and a younger person is interpreted differently.
People talk baby talk to persons in nursing homes.
Most negative views are based on misinformation about older people

Front 127

primary aging

Back 127

physical, unpreventable again

Front 128

secondary aging

Back 128

again caused by bodily misuse and abuse

Front 129

gerontology

Back 129

The study of the aged and the process of aging

Front 130

functional age

Back 130

age that indicates the actual
competence and performance of older adults; may be higher or lower than chronological age

Front 131

chronological age

Back 131

how many years a person has lived

Front 132

cataracts

Back 132

progressive thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted

Front 133

Programmed senescence

Back 133

genes are turned off and on systematically w/ aging - some proof in twin studies
(genetic programming theory)

Front 134

Endocrine theory

Back 134

hormones are being turned off
(genetic programming theory)

Front 135

Immunological theory

Back 135

the immune system changes
(genetic programming theory)

Front 136

Evolutionary theory

Back 136

death process begins after we are unable to procreate
(genetic programming theory)

Front 137

Wear-and-tear theory

Back 137

living bodies get weaker just as with use a knife's edge becomes dulled
(variable rate theory)

Front 138

Free-radical theory

Back 138

accumulation of free radicals over time
(variable rate theory)

Front 139

Rate-of-living theory

Back 139

the more strain over time, the more aging
(variable rate theory)

Front 140

Autoimmune theory

Back 140

immune system gets confused and starts attacking itself
(variable rate theory)

Front 141

genetic programming theories

Back 141

age is a result of inevitable change written into a person's genetic code

Front 142

variable rate theories

Back 142

biological aging as a result of processes that vary from person to person and are influenced by both the internal and the external environment

Front 143

age-related macular degeneration

Back 143

results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) because of damage to the retina

Front 144

glaucoma

Back 144

eye disease in which the optic nerve is permanently damaged in a characteristic pattern

Front 145

dementia

Back 145

a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging

Front 146

Alzheimer's disease

Back 146

an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks

Front 147

Parkinson's disease

Back 147

a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells- early on: slowness, rigidity, shakiness, problems with walking; cognitive and behavioural problems may arise later on

Front 148

changes in intelligence

Back 148

decrease in fluid intelligence (processing speed, digit span, recognizing new relationships, multitasking)

Front 149

less cognitive decline if...

Back 149

Good health
Higher SES
Continued education
Involvement in an intellectually stimulating environment
A flexible personality
Being married (to a bright spouse)
Feeling satisfied with one’s accomplishments in earlier periods of late adulthood

Front 150

disengagement theory

Back 150

a quieting of the mind and the soul- society expects your to withdrawal, and if you do, you will be happy (obviously not true)

Front 151

activity theory

Back 151

stay as active as possible, staying connected socially- continuity of activeness helps you maintain your identity (over simplistic theory, hereditary health problems occur)

Front 152

continuity theory

Back 152

there are things about me that are never going to change w/ age, but I know and accept that I will no longer be able to do certain things (adaptive)

Front 153

selective optimization w/ compensation

Back 153

I need to realize that some of my cognitive abilities are inevitably declining, so I need to focus on the abilities that I still have- engage in and draw meaning from them

Front 154

5 factors in the model of personality

Back 154

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

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openness

Back 155

Shallow, simple, unintelligent - Artistic, clever, curious

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conscientiousness

Back 156

Careless, disorderly, forgetful - Cautious, dependable, deliberate

Front 157

Extraversion

Back 157

Quiet, reserved, shy - Active, assertive, dominant

Front 158

Agreeableness

Back 158

Cold, cruel, unfriendly - Affectionate, cooperative, friendly

Front 159

Neuroticism

Back 159

Calm, contented, unemotional - Anxious, emotional, moody

Front 160

Identity vs. identity confusion

Back 160

Develop a secure and coherent
identity- adolescence (Erickson)

Front 161

Intimacy vs. isolation

Back 161

Establish a committed, long-term
love relationship - emerging adulthood (Erickson)

Front 162

Generativity vs. stagnation

Back 162

Care for others and contribute to
well-being of the young - middle adulthood (Erickson)

Front 163

Ego integrity vs. dispair

Back 163

Evaluate lifetime, accept it as it is- late adulthood (Erickson)

Front 164

Factors: retirement

Back 164

Workers may be burned out after working all their lives.
Jobs can be frustrating and tension-filled.
Health may decline.
Incentives are offered by their company to retire early.
Desire to travel and see more of family

Front 165

retirement stages

Back 165

Reorientation is the stage where retirees reconsider their options and become engaged in new, more fulfilling activities
A retirement routine stage occurs when retirees come to grips with the realities of retirement and feel fulfilled in this new phase of life.
The final stage is the process of termination where the retiree either goes back to work or health deteriorates so badly that the person can no longer function independently.

Front 166

successful retirement

Back 166

plan ahead financially, consider tapering off from work gradually, explore your interests before you retire, plan to volunteer your time

Front 167

hospice care

Back 167

end of life care that emphasizes the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of dying persons and
their families

Front 168

palliative care

Back 168

end of life care focused on comfort care and relieving pain, rather than on treatment

Front 169

active euthanasia

Back 169

death induced deliberately (of a person who is suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability)

Front 170

bereavement

Back 170

experience of losing a loved one

Front 171

grief

Back 171

intense psychological response that often accompanies bereavement

Front 172

advance directive

Back 172

person’s written and oral
instructions concerning end-of-life care

Front 173

life review

Back 173

according to Robert Butler, the process in late adulthood when people reflect on the life they have lived and come to an acceptance of it

Front 174

passive euthanasia

Back 174

withholding of available treatments, allowing the person to die

Front 175

least death anxiety among those who...

Back 175

have a well-developed personal philosophy of death, or spirituality

Front 176

complicated grief

Back 176

enduring despair (happens w/ occurrence of sudden death, suicide, or to a person w/ ptsd)

Front 177

disenfranchised grief

Back 177

socially ambiguous grief- not allowed to grief openly for that loss (ex. death of a mistress)

Front 178

facing death: adolescents/young adults

Back 178

Avoid thoughts of death.
Death of others is difficult emotionally. Imminent death elicits intense emotions.

Front 179

facing death: midlife

Back 179

Aware that half of life is gone.
Shift in time perspective.
Death is more salient.

Front 180

facing death: older adults

Back 180

Fear of death is lowest. Regulation of negative emotions. Accept mortality

Front 181

5 stages of grief

Back 181

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Front 182

denial

Back 182

when a person refuses to believe that they are dying

Front 183

anger

Back 183

"it's not fair" "why is this happening to me" Can be felt toward healthy people in general, family members, medical personnel or god

Front 184

bargaining

Back 184

person tries to bargain for more time, usually w/ god or some spiritual entity- "I promise to clean up my act if you'll just give me one more year..."

Front 185

depression

Back 185

due to steadily worsening condition, person realizes that death is growing nearer and there is little that can be done

Front 186

acceptance

Back 186

usually accompanied by the desire to be w/ only the few people most valued- may be a feeling of peace or little feeling at all