Developmental Psych Exam #2

Front 1

Name the four permanent reflexes a baby is born with

Back 1

Biceps reflex, eye blink, patellar tendon reflex "knee-jerk", withdrawal reflex

Front 2

Name the eight temporary reflexes a baby is born with

Back 2

Babinski reflex, babkin, moro, palmar grasp, plantar, rooting, sucking, stepping

Front 3

Why do we care about baby's reflexes?

Back 3

Reflexes help ensure a newborn's survival. Provide insight into the health of baby's nervous system

Front 4

Define: Infant state

Back 4

Recurring pattern of arousal in newborn ranging from alert, vigorous, wakeful activity to quiet regular sleep

Front 5

What are the two important characteristics that infant states tell us of human behavior?

Back 5

Human behavior is organized and predictable. Human behavior is regulated by internal forces

Front 6

What is a baby's general ability in hearing/audition?

Back 6

Can hear before birth in utero, can hear all sounds in all languages before it diminishes in first year

Front 7

Define: Sound localization

Back 7

Locate sound in space

Front 8

Describe what the cat in the hat study showed

Back 8

It showed that infants can hear in utero after showing a preference for their own mother's voice that read to them rather than another woman's voice

Front 9

What is a baby's general ability in tastes and smell?

Back 9

Baby's prefer mother's scent and taste develops prenatally. Taste preferences develop early since amniotic fluid and breast milk carries different tastes and flavors

Front 10

What is a baby's general ability in touch?

Back 10

Pain developed at birth and prenatally. Oral, palms, feet most sensitive. Able to distinguish between hot and cold

Front 11

What is a baby's general ability in vision?

Back 11

Can detect brightness, movement and can usually track an object.

Front 12

Name some of the visual preferences that babies have

Back 12

Have a preference for faces, eyes and internal features. Prefer own mother's face and attractive over unattractive faces

Front 13

How do babies see the world?

Back 13

Have poor visual acuity, limited color vision and rely on depth and distance cues available to each eye independently

Front 14

Name the four ways we can study infants

Back 14

Habituation paradigm, preferential looking paradigm, conditioning and physiological responses (ie brain activity and stress hormones)

Front 15

Describe how visual preference studies work

Back 15

Two stimuli are shown simultaneously, measure visual fixation to each, if infants look longer at one stimulus, you can conclude they can tell them difference between them

Front 16

Describe how habituation paradigm studies work

Back 16

One stimulus is presented repeatedly
visual fixation =interest, once initial interest fades and infant becomes bored a new stimulus is presented

Front 17

What does dishabituation indicate?

Back 17

It indicates that infant recognizes the difference between old and new stimulus

Front 18

Describe the operant conditioning paradigm used to study infants

Back 18

Tests infant's auditory preferences to see if there is an increase in behaviors that lead to a rewarding response

Front 19

How much does an infant's brain weigh at birth?

Back 19

One fourth as much as a mature brain

Front 20

At what age does the infant's brain weigh half of what an adult brain weighs? Three-fourths?

Back 20

6 months old and 2 years old respectively

Front 21

Define: cerebrum

Back 21

The two connected hemispheres of the brain

Front 22

What is the name of a highly convoluted surface of the human cerebrum that contain 90% of the brain's cell bodies?

Back 22

Cerebral cortex

Front 23

At birth, a baby's brain has (some, most or all) of its neurons? Approximately how many nerve cells?

Back 23

A baby's brain has MOST of its neurons-100 to 200 billion

Front 24

During what period do neurons multiply at a very rapid pace? What is the name of this process and about how many new neurons are added every minute?

Back 24

Embryonic period. The process is known as neuron proliferation and about 250,000 new neurons are added every minute

Front 25

After birth, how does the brain increase in size?

Back 25

Existing neurons will grow and the connections between them will proliferate

Front 26

Name of the cells which surround and protect the neurons

Back 26

Glial cells

Front 27

What is the function of glial cells?

Back 27

To provide neurons with structural support, regulate their nutrients and repair neural tissue

Front 28

Define: myelination

Back 28

Parts of neurons are covered with layers of a fatty, membranous wrapping called myelin that insulate and make neuron more efficient at transmitting info

Front 29

When does the most myelination occur?

Back 29

During the first two years of life

Front 30

Which area of the brain develops most rapidly as baby moves from reflexive behavior to voluntary control?

Back 30

Motor area of the brain

Front 31

During childhood, does the brain overproduce or underproduce neural connections?

Back 31

Overproduce

Front 32

Why does the brain tend to overproduce neural connections?

Back 32

To establish the usefulness of certain ones and "fine-tune" the extra connections

Front 33

How old are babies when they generally succeed at reaching for an object and are able to grasp it?

Back 33

5 months old

Front 34

What parts are needed to achieve the reaching and grasping milestone?

Back 34

Muscle growth, postural control, control over arm and hand movements and *visual perception and motor ability to grip an object

Front 35

What is one important consequence of locomotor development?

Back 35

Increased independence

Front 36

Give an example of how locomotion affects the way babies react to the world?

Back 36

Infants will develop a fear of heights since they are able to solve spatial problems

Front 37

Name ways parents or caregivers can pay special physical attention babies

Back 37

Manipulation, massage, exercise, and specific practice of skills (ie the stepping reflex)

Front 38

When special physical attention is given to babies, what do you predict the result to be in terms of achieving motor milestones?

Back 38

Those infants will achieve motor milestones earlier than children not given the same amount of care

Front 39

Name the two principles that guide children's physical growth

Back 39

Cephalocaudal development (growth from head downward) and proximal-dital pattern (growth from center outward)

Front 40

What are the two principal measures of overall growth?

Back 40

Height and weight

Front 41

What do daily observations reveal in growth?

Back 41

Growth is episodic rather than continuous

Front 42

Is good or bad nutrition critical for proper development?

Back 42

Good

Front 43

Name some things that nutritional factors can affect

Back 43

Physical growth and the age at which children enter puberty