Developmental Motor Behavior - Exam 2

Front 1

Spontaneous Movements

Back 1

Infant movements that occur without any apparent stimulation, known external stimuli

aka "Stereotypies"

Originally thought to have no purpose, but may be predecessors to voluntary movement
ex. supine kicking → adult walking; arm movements → reaching

Front 2

Infantile Reflexes

Back 2

Involuntary, stereotypical responses elicited by a specific stimulus
- Occur quickly after stimulus onset
- Involves single muscle or specific muscle group
- Persistence can indicate neurological problems (ex. Babinski reflex reappears w/ severe adult head trauma)

Front 3

Purpose of Reflexes

Back 3

- Built-in response to facilitate survival
- Allows dialogue w/ environment
- May result in sensory consequences (adaptations)
- Building blocks for future movements

Front 4

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

Back 4

Supine infant when turned to one side will extend arm & leg of same side

Front 5

Palmar Grasp Reflex

Back 5

Touch palm → infant's hand closes around finger/object

Front 6

Plantar Grasp Reflex

Back 6

Touch toe pads → toes will curl

Front 7

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex

Back 7

Extend/flex head → arms or legs extend on one side, flex on other

"Fencers Reflex"

Front 8

Moro Reflex

Back 8

Shake head → Arms, legs, fingers extend; then arms & legs flex

Front 9

Babinski Reflex

Back 9

Stroke sole of foot from heel to toe → Toes extend

Front 10

Motor Milestone

Back 10

Universal measurements to track infant development
- All infants follow same sequence, but different timeline
- No secular trend in milestones

4 Aspects:
1) Maturation of CNS
2) Development of muscular strength & endurance
3) Development of posture & balance
4) Improvement in sensory processing

Front 11

Rate Limiter

Back 11

Individual constraint that inhibits/slows attainment of a motor milestone

ex. head size; balance, neck strength, core strength

*Occular reaching → before actual reaching (cephalocaudal)

Front 12

Locomotor Milestones

Back 12

- (2 mo) Lift head in prone position
- (3 mo) Lift shoulders & turn around
- (5 mo) Roll over, sit when placed in position
- (7 mo) Get up on hands & knees
- (8 mo) Creeping on hands & knees
- (9 mo) Grab object & pull up (stand w/ support)
- (10 mo) Stand alone
- (12-14 mo) Walk alone

Front 13

Locomotion

Back 13

Any movement that gets body from position A to position B

- Emerges w/ task & environment constraints

Front 14

3 Stages of Crawling

Back 14

1) Crawling (stomach on ground, use arms to move, commando)
2) Creeping (use hands & knees, low coil & thrust move, or high feet on ground)
3) Cruising (speed, stomach off ground, head control)

Front 15

Walking

Back 15

Upright, bipedal locomotion - 50% leg phasing, DS & SS
~9-12 mo for girls, ~10-14 mo for boys

Early Sequence: Pull-up, Stand w/ support, Walk when led, Walk alone
- Arms: Held up for balance, no swing
- Foot: Flat-footed, toed-in or out

Proficiency:
- ↑ stride length
- ↓ base of support
- Contralateral arm/leg movement

Front 16

Running

Back 16

50% leg phasing, flight phase & SS
~6-7 mo after walking

Early: limited leg ROM, arms only swing to accompany trunk rotation

Proficient: ↑ stride length, greater force, use arms to propel motion forward, full leg ROM

Front 17

Jumping

Back 17

Propel body off the ground with one or both feet, land on both feet
-Before age 2

Early:
- Vertical before horizontal
- No preparatory recoil
- Arms stationary

Front 18

Hopping

Back 18

Propel off ground with one foot, land on same foot

Front 19

Leaping

Back 19

Propel off ground on one foot, land on opposite foot; extended flight phase

Front 20

Ballistic Skill

Back 20

Skills in which one applies force to an object in order to project it

ex. Throwing, kicking, striking

Front 21

Overarm Throwing

Back 21

ex. Underhand (1 or 2 hand), sidearm, overarm (1 or 2 hand)

Early:
- Mostly arm action
- Elbow pointed up
-Trunk flexion, not rotation
- Throw executed by elbow extension only

Proficient:
- Prep windup (weight shift, rotate trunk back, arm swing)
- Use opposite leg & differentiated trunk rotation
- Upper arm & forearm lag
- Sequential movements to transfer momentum

Front 22

Gauging Throwing Skill

Back 22

1) Product Measures (outcome): accuracy, distance, ball velocity

2) Process Measures (movement patterns): developmental sequences

Front 23

Developmental Changes in Overarm Throwing

Back 23

Trunk Action:
1) None, or forward-backward movement
2) Block rotation
3) Differentiated rotation

Backswing:
1) None
2) Shoulder Flexion
3) Upward backswing
4) Downward, circular backswing

Foot Action:
1) None 2) Homolateral step
3) Short contralateral step
4) Long contralateral step

Upper Arm Action:
1) Oblique
2) Aligned but independent
3) Lagging

Forearm Action:
1) No lag 2) Lag 3) Delayed Lag

Front 24

Overarm Throwing Sequence

Back 24

1) Forward step & pelvic rotation
2) Upper spine rotation & upper arm swing
3) Upper arm inward rotation & elbow extension
4) Release
5) Follow-through

Front 25

Kicking

Back 25

Striking a ball with the foot

- Must have perceptual abilities & eye-foot coordination to make contact
- Timing important

Front 26

Punting

Back 26

Object dropped from hands prior to impact w/ foot (harder than kicking, timing is key)

Early:
- Ball tossed up rather than dropped
- Contact ball w/ toes instead of instep

Proficient:
- Arms extended to drop ball before final stride
- Arms drop to sides, move in opposition to legs
- Punting leg kept straight, toes pointed

Front 27

Sidearm Striking

Back 27

Form of striking where arm remains at or below shoulder level; body parts/implements used

Early:
- Chopping motion (elbow extension)
- Little leg & trunk movement

Proficient:
- Sideways prep stance and long step
- Differentiated trunk motion
- Horizontal swing through large ROM
- Plane of swing progresses from vertical to horiz.

Front 28

Overarm Striking

Back 28

Form of striking where arm travels above shoulder level; with or w/o implement
ex. Tennis serve

Early:
- Limited trunk rotation
- Swing w/ collapsed elbow
- Little or no lag w/ swing forward

Proficient:
- Trunk rotated more than 90 degrees
- Elbow held between 90 and 199 degrees at start of forward movement
- Racket lags behind arm in swing

Front 29

Grasping

Back 29

aka Prehension; coupled w/ Reaching

Timeline:
- Occular reach/grasp in young infants (~1-2 mo)
- Reach for objects in incorrect direction (~2-3 mo)
- Reach toward direction w/ intention (~4-4.5 mo) [no relationship bet. object size & squeezing motion]
- Intentional squeezing, account for texture (~7 mo)
- Parallel reaching action & motion of hand (~ 1 yr)

Trend from power to precision grips

Front 30

Body Scaling

Back 30

Adapting characteristics of task or environment to the overall body size or size of a body component

Front 31

Reaching

Back 31

Exhibit bimanual reaching during 1st yr; can't do complementary activities w/ 2 hands until 2nd yr
-1st yr: infants alternate bet. predominance of unimanual reaching and bimanual reaching

Relationship of Posture:
- ↑ balance/posture = ↑ success of reaching

Front 32

Releasing

Back 32

Timeline:
-Unintentional
-Intentional
-Purposeful intentional release

Front 33

Catching

Back 33

-Need depth perception, hand-eye coordination
-Develops later than kicking & jumping

Early:
-Eyes closed, head turns away (blink reflex)
-No trunk rotation, no timing or absorbing of impact
-Scooping action later on

Front 34

Visual Acuity

Back 34

The sharpness/clearness of vision

- Develops quickly in infancy (born 20/200)
- Needs to devel. to adequate level to facil. locomotion
- Can differentiate colors/shapes
- Reach adult stage ~10 y.o.

Front 35

Depth Perception

Back 35

Ability to discern distance designated as depth; distance from self to an object or place in space

- Need to read cues for relation of body to other things
- Proprioceptive Information
- Develops in infants 8-9 mo.
- Adult stage @ 10 y.o.
*Test w/ Visual Cliff experiment

Front 36

Figure-Ground Discrimination

Back 36

Ability to discern object in front of another object

Front 37

2 Visions

Back 37

1) Foveal Vision: vision where you target & lock onto something

2) Peripheral Vision: vision surrounding foveal in horizontal and vertical plane

Front 38

Visual Constancy

Back 38

aka "Shape or Size Constancy"
Ability to interpret same info correctly each time
-Perceive actual object size/shape despite size of its image projected on retina or orientation