Development Through Life Chapter 9

Front 1

3 factors that contribute to body dissatisfaction

Back 1

1) social pressure to be thin;
2) internalized thin ideal body type;
3) higher body mass

Front 2

menarche

Back 2

onset of menstrual cycle

Front 3

secular growth trend

Back 3

change over time in which the average age at which physical maturation takes place

Front 4

sexual motivation

Back 4

includes biologically organized drives associated w/sexual arousal & pleasure, & a range of social motives.

Front 5

social controls

Back 5

product of parental socialization & practices, school achievement & educational aspirations, & attitudes & sexual experiences of friends. provides the normative environment in which sexual activity is embedded.

Front 6

gray matter

Back 6

cell body of neurons & nonmyelinated sections of axons & dendrites (in brain)

Front 7

white matter

Back 7

myelinated axons that connect gray matter & carry messages b/w nerve cells & brain regions (in brain).

Front 8

myelin

Back 8

substance that forms around axons, acting as an insulator that speeds signals from one neuron to the next in brain.

Front 9

executive functions

Back 9

sometimes called cognitive control functions; include working memory, planning & organizing, & impulse control.

Front 10

formal operational thought

Back 10

uses operations to manipulate & modify thoughts & other mental operations. Ability to distinguish b/w reality & possibility is a central feature.

Front 11

hypotheses

Back 11

tentative propositions or possible explanations about the causes of events or the systematic associations among factors that explain events.

Front 12

egocentrism

Back 12

refers to child's limited perspective at beginning of each new phase of cognitive development.

Front 13

decentering

Back 13

process of change to a more objective, analytic point of view. In early adolescence, requires an ability to realize that one's ideals are not shared by all others.

Front 14

personal fable

Back 14

an intense investment in one's own thoughts & feelings, & a belief that these thoughts are unique.

Front 15

imaginary audience

Back 15

early adolescents imagine being the constant center of other people's thoughts & attentions.

Front 16

internalizing problems

Back 16

conflicts are directed inwards towards the self, such as feelings of worthlessness & hopelessness.

Front 17

externalizing problems

Back 17

conduct problems; conflicts directed outward towards other people or property, such as aggression or delinquency.

Front 18

depression

Back 18

used in contexts of depressed mood, depressive syndrome, depressive disorder. (see page 363.)

Front 19

delinquency

Back 19

externalizing problem related to difficulties in controlling or regulating one's impulses.

Front 20

delinquent offenses

Back 20

actions for which an adult could be prosecuted.

Front 21

status offenses

Back 21

offenses such as truancy & running away, which are illegal for adolescents.

Front 22

cliques

Back 22

small friendship groups of 5-10 friends.

Front 23

crowd

Back 23

large group recognized by a few predominant characteristics, such as view of academics, athletics, drugs, etc.

Front 24

reputational identity

Back 24

crowd identity

Front 25

scheme

Back 25

orchestrated, integrated set of ideas about norms, expectations & status hierarchy of salient groups in one's social world.

Front 26

reference groups

Back 26

groups in which one is a member or aspires to be a member

Front 27

ethnic group identity

Back 27

includes recognizing that some aspects of one's thoughts, feelings, & actions are influenced by one's ethnicity.

Front 28

alienation

Back 28

an absence of social support or meaningful social connection

Front 29

alienation of common identity

Back 29

may occur when one is forced to take on roles or is expected to comply w/ group expectations to which one does not subscribe.

Front 30

alienation of common bond

Back 30

occurs when one is unable to form interpersonal ties that provide feelings of acceptance & emotional support.

Front 31

peer pressure

Back 31

demands for conformity to group norms and demonstration of loyalty to group members.

Front 32

fidelity to others

Back 32

capacity to freely pledge one's loyalty to a group & to adhere to those pledges

Front 33

dissociation

Back 33

sense of separateness, withdrawal from others, & inability to experience bond of mutual commitment.

Front 34

selection of forces

Back 34

seeking out of friends who will support their involvement with alcohol or drugs as part of a more general pattern of deviance or thrill seeking.