Development Of Early Microbiology

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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Used simple instrument to examine stagnant H2O, etc.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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Observed microscopic organisms - called them “animalcules”

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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Submitted detailed descriptions and drawings to the Royal Society of
London

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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Question raised - where did they originate ?

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Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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This theory existed to explain the origin of some forms of life

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Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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Living organisms arose “spontaneously” from nonliving, decaying organic matter.

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Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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Believed to explained origin of “animalcules”.

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Francis Redi

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Preformed experiments that disproved theory of Spontaneous Generation for more complex forms of life (began approx.1668).

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Francis Redi

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Utilized jars containing meat. Some were covered, some were not.

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Francis Redi

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Maggots appeared in uncovered jars.

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Francis Redi

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Results not accepted for microscopic organisms.

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Francis Redi

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Introduced experimental procedure for disproof Spontaneous Generation

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Francis Redi

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Spontaneous Generation took another 200 years to disprove

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John Needham (1749)

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Performed experiments similar to Redi’s

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John Needham (1749)

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Introduced the first culture medium for microbial growth.

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John Needham (1749)

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Utilized infusion broth prepared by boiling meat, grain, etc. to extract nutrients.

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John Needham (1749)

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Turbidity indicated growth.

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John Needham (1749)

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Broth put in flasks, some were sealed with corks, some were not.

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John Needham (1749)

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Results were inconsistent – all flasks became cloudy.

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John Needham (1749)

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Reasons: organisms in air or flasks, improper seal.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)

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Repeated Needham’s experiments.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)

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Boiled broth after placing in flasks.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)

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Sealed flasks by melting necks.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)

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Results more consistent with Redi’s.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)

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Occasionally sealed flask cloudy.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1776)

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Not accepted because heating destroyed, degraded “vital force”.

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Louis Pasteur (1861)

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Performed experiments to disprove Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Filtered air through cotton plug. Placed plug in infusion broth, broth became cloudy - organisms present in the air.
Placed boiled infusion broths in “swan-necked” flasks
Flasks remained sterile unless tilted or neck broken.

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Louis Pasteur (1861)

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His experiments accepted as disproof of theory of Spotaneous Generation

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Louis Pasteur (1861)

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Pasteurization - to prevent spoilage of wine.

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Louis Pasteur (1861)

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Introduced “Germ Theory of Disease” after discovering silk worm disease caused by protozoan.

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Louis Pasteur (1861)

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Developed Pasteur treatment for preventing rabies using dried spinal cord from infected dogs.

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Edward Jenner (1796)

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Developed small pox vaccination.
Used fluids from cow pox (vaccinia) lesions.

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Golden Age of Microbiology(approx. 1875 - 1918)

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Period (about 50 years) of rapid development.
Causes of diseases identified, control methods developed, work began on viruses

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Robert Koch

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While studying anthrax
( a disease of cattle) :
Identified a bacterium as cause of anthrax
(first bacterium that caused a disease).

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Robert Koch

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Introduced “solid medium” using agar.
Observed differences in colony morphology.
Introduced the inoculating loop to transfer bacteria and prepare pure cultures.

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Robert Koch

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Introduced “Koch’s Postulates” and the concept that a disease is caused by a single organism.

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Joseph Lister (1865)

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Introduced the “antiseptic technique”.
Use of phenol (carbolic acid) as disinfectant.

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Martinus Beijerinck
(1884 - 1885)

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Discovered filterable agents called “viruses” (toxins, poisons).
Infectious agents in tobacco plant fluids
Assumed soluble toxin in filtrate caused disease Called “viruses”
(Latin for toxins, poisons)

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Paul Ehrlich (1910)

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Introduced concept of chemotherapy.
Use of salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis.

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Alexander Fleming (1928)

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Discovered the first antibiotic - penicillin.
Produced by mold that contaminated bacterial culture plate.
Led to discovery of other fungi that secreted antibacterial substances(antibiotics).