Development Of Cancer

Front 1

Genetic sources of mutations

Back 1

1. spontaneous
2. chemical carcinogens=alter nucleotides
3. ionizing radiation=induce dna breaks
4. viruses=foreign DNA sequence
5. inherited susceptibility=impaired repair mechanisms

Front 2

Epigenetic sources

Back 2

1. chromatin structure(hiding DNA so it cant be found)
2. DNA methylation(Adding a methyl to cytosine nucleotides)

Front 3

Chromatin structure

Back 3

1. Epigenetic source of mutation
2. After histones and packaging
3. Gene moved to heterochromatin

Front 4

DNA methylation

Back 4

1. C nucleotides have a methyl group added
2. Genes not transcribed

Front 5

List the key properties of tumor growth

Back 5

1. Unregulated cell proliferation
2. Lack of apoptosis
3. Do not differentiate
4. No senescence
5. Genetic instability
6. Invasive
7. Proliferate in new location

Front 6

Name the 2 cancer-critical genes

Back 6

1. Oncogenes
2. Tumor-suppressor genes

Front 7

Oncogenes

Back 7

1. A normal gene that has been altered to facilitate cancer
2. Usually a gene that controls cell growth or division(if that gene is changed then the cell will not go thru apoptosis or senescence)

Front 8

Tumor-suppressor genes

Back 8

1. Normally prevents cancer by blocking proliferation
2. Mutation of this gene allows for unchecked proliferation
3. Ex: p53 is mutated in ~1/2 of human cancers

Front 9

p53

Back 9

1. Tumor-suppressor gene mutated in 1/2 of all human cancers
2. Normally a stress sensor to regulate proliferation
-cell-cycle arrest: blocks G1.S and S-Cdks
-apoptosis: triggers
-Genetic instability: promotes DNA repair
3. Take out any and you will get more mutations, but genetic instability is the big one because if you take that out you will get even more mutations because there will be nothing to repair it

Front 10

List the 2 treatments for cancer

Back 10

1. Ionizing radiation
2. Drugs and Chemo

Front 11

Ionizing radiation

Back 11

1. Induces DNA damage that cancer cannot repair
2. Tumor regresses
3. Treatment might impair apoptotic pathways

Front 12

Chemo

Back 12

1. Target cell-cycle defects
-Inhibit effect of normal growth factors
-neutralize proteins made by cancer
2. Direct drugs to tumor cells using antibodies for tumor-specific proteins
3. Anti-angiogenic factors

Front 13

Anti-angiogenic factors

Back 13

1. Type of drug treatment for cancer
2. Tumors require increased vascularity
3. Target endothelial cells to prevent them from forming new vessels