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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cerebral cortex
the outer folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses
axon
a long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
dendrite
a branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron
synapse
the gap between the denrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow
synatogenesis
forming of connections between neurons at the synapses. responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts. This is most intest in infancy and childhood
myelination
formation of a fatty layer encasing the axons of neurons. This process speeds the transmittion of the impulses
plastic
malleable, or capable of being changed
typically said as the brain is plastic at young ages
sucking reflex
the automatic, spontaneous sucking movements when something touches and infants lips
rooting reflex
response to touch the cheeck, involving turing toward that location and sucking
reflex
a response or action that is automatic and programmed by noncortical brain centers
kangaroo care
skin to skin care of the infants
carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver's body. This is soothing for an infant
undernutrition
a chronic lack of adequate food
stunting
excessively short stature in a child, caused by chronic lack of adequate nutrition
micronutrient deficiency
chronically inadequate level of a specific nurtient important to development and disease prevention
colic
a baby's frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life; caused by an immature nervous system
swaddling
wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or garment. This is calming during early infancy
REM sleep
phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during walking. REM sleep decreases as we age.
Self-soothing
a children's ability usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night
co-sleeping
standard custom in collectivist cultures, of having a child and parent share a bed
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. mostly when asleep and during the first yr of life
preferental-looking paradigm
a research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition, drawing on the principle that we are attrached to novelty and prefer to look at new things.
habituation
the predictable loss of intrest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar; used to explore infant sensory capacities and thinking
face-reception studies
research using preferential looking and habituation to explore what very young babies know about faces
what age will infants start to smile
2 mo
depth preception
the ability to see and fear heights
visual cliff
a table that appears to "end" in a dropoff at its midpoint; used to test for infant depth perception
baby-proofing
making the home safe for a new mobile infant
sensorimotor stage
piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2
circular reactions
repetivitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage
primary circular reactions
the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body
secondary circular reactions
habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 mo to 1 yr. Centered on exploring the world
tertiary circular reactions
starts around age 1, involving exploring the properties of objects
little-scientist phase
the time around age 2 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like "scientists"
means-end behavior
different action to get to a goal--an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1
object permanence
objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage
a-not-b error
a classic mistake make by infants in the sensorimotor stage, where babies approaching age 1 to bak to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place.
social cognition
any skill related to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions
joint attention
first sign of "getting human intentions" when a baby looks at an object an adult is pointing to or follows a person's gaze
language acquisition device (LAD)
a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language
social-interactionist view
approach to language development that emphansizes its social functions, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate
babbling
alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of inronation and pitch of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words
holophrase
first clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentenct or complete thought
telegraphic speech
first stage of combining words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words
infant-directed speech (IDS)
high pitched tones that adults and children use to speack to infants that function to help teach language