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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cerebral cortex
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the outer folded mantle of the brain, responsible for thinking, reasoning, perceiving, and all conscious responses
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axon
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a long nerve fiber that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
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dendrite
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a branching fiber that receives information and conducts impulses toward the cell body of a neuron
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synapse
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the gap between the denrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow
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synatogenesis
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forming of connections between neurons at the synapses. responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts. This is most intest in infancy and childhood
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myelination
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formation of a fatty layer encasing the axons of neurons. This process speeds the transmittion of the impulses
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plastic
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malleable, or capable of being changed
typically said as the brain is plastic at young ages |
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sucking reflex
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the automatic, spontaneous sucking movements when something touches and infants lips
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rooting reflex
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response to touch the cheeck, involving turing toward that location and sucking
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reflex
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a response or action that is automatic and programmed by noncortical brain centers
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kangaroo care
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skin to skin care of the infants
carrying a young baby in a sling close to the caregiver's body. This is soothing for an infant |
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undernutrition
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a chronic lack of adequate food
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stunting
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excessively short stature in a child, caused by chronic lack of adequate nutrition
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micronutrient deficiency
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chronically inadequate level of a specific nurtient important to development and disease prevention
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colic
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a baby's frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life; caused by an immature nervous system
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swaddling
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wrapping a baby tightly in a blanket or garment. This is calming during early infancy
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REM sleep
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phase of sleep involving rapid eye movements, when the EEG looks almost like it does during walking. REM sleep decreases as we age.
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Self-soothing
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a children's ability usually beginning at about 6 months of age, to put themselves back to sleep when they wake up during the night
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co-sleeping
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standard custom in collectivist cultures, of having a child and parent share a bed
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. mostly when asleep and during the first yr of life
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preferental-looking paradigm
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a research technique to explore early infant sensory capacities and cognition, drawing on the principle that we are attrached to novelty and prefer to look at new things.
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habituation
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the predictable loss of intrest that develops once a stimulus becomes familiar; used to explore infant sensory capacities and thinking
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face-reception studies
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research using preferential looking and habituation to explore what very young babies know about faces
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what age will infants start to smile
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2 mo
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depth preception
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the ability to see and fear heights
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visual cliff
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a table that appears to "end" in a dropoff at its midpoint; used to test for infant depth perception
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baby-proofing
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making the home safe for a new mobile infant
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sensorimotor stage
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piaget's first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2
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circular reactions
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repetivitive action-oriented schemas (or habits) characteristic of babies during the sensorimotor stage
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primary circular reactions
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the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body
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secondary circular reactions
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habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 mo to 1 yr. Centered on exploring the world
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tertiary circular reactions
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starts around age 1, involving exploring the properties of objects
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little-scientist phase
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the time around age 2 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like "scientists"
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means-end behavior
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different action to get to a goal--an ability that emerges in the sensorimotor stage as babies approach age 1
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object permanence
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objects continue to exist even when we can no longer see them, gradually emerges during the sensorimotor stage
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a-not-b error
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a classic mistake make by infants in the sensorimotor stage, where babies approaching age 1 to bak to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place.
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social cognition
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any skill related to understanding feelings and negotiating interpersonal interactions
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joint attention
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first sign of "getting human intentions" when a baby looks at an object an adult is pointing to or follows a person's gaze
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language acquisition device (LAD)
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a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language
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social-interactionist view
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approach to language development that emphansizes its social functions, specifically that babies and adults have a mutual passion to communicate
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babbling
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alternating vowel and consonant sounds that babies repeat with variations of inronation and pitch of intonation and pitch and that precede the first words
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holophrase
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first clear evidence of language, when babies use a single word to communicate a sentenct or complete thought
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telegraphic speech
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first stage of combining words in infancy, in which a baby pares down a sentence to its essential words
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infant-directed speech (IDS)
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high pitched tones that adults and children use to speack to infants that function to help teach language
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