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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA (DEOXYRIBONEUCLEIC ACID)
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THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY, CONSTRUCTED OF A DOUBLE HELIX WHOSE PARALLEL STRANDS CONSIST OF BOTH PAIRS HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS
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CHROMOSOMES
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A CARRIER OF GENES; ONE OF THE 46 MOLECULES OF DNA (IN 23 PAIRS) THAT EACH CELL OF THE BODY CONTAINS AND THAT, TOGETHER, CONTAIN ALL HUMAN GENES
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GENOME
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THE FULL SET OF CHROMOSOMES, WITH ALL THE GENES THEY CONTAIN, THAT MAKE UP THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF AN ORGANISM
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GENE
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THE BASIC UNIT FOR THE TRANSMISSION OF HEREDITY INSTRUCTIONS
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A-ADENINE PAIRS WITH?
T-THIAMINE PAIRS WITH? G-GUANINE PAIRS WITH? C-CYTOSINE PAIRS WITH? |
A-T
T-A G-C C-G |
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GAMETE
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A REPRODUCTIVE CELL
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ZYGOTE
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THE SINGLE CELL FORMED FROM THE FUSING OF A SPERM AND AN OVUM
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GENOTYPE
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AN ORGANISM'S ENTIRE GENETIC INHERITANCE, OR GENETIC POTENTIAL
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ALLELE
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A SLIGHT, NORMAL VARIATION OF A PARTICULAR GENE
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23RD PAIR
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THE CHROMOSOME PAIR THAT, IN HUMANS, DETERMINES THE ZYGOTE'S SEX, AMONG OTHER THINGS
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XX
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A 23RD PAIR MEANS GIRL
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XY
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A 23RD PAIR THAT MEANS BOY
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SPONTANEIOUS ABORTION
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THE NATURALLY OCCURRING TERMINATION OF A PREGNANCY BEFORE THE FETUS IS FULLY DEVELOPED.
AKA MISCARRIAGE |
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MONOZYGOTIC TWINS
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TWINS WHO HAVE IDENTICAL GENES BECAUSE THEY WERE FORMED FROM ONE ZYGOTE THAT SPLIT INTO 2 IDENTICAL ORGANISMS VERY EARLY IN DEVELOPMENT
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DIZYGOTIC TWINS
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TWINS WHO WERE FORMED WHEN 2 SEPARATE OVA WERE FERTILIZED BY 2 SEPARATE SPERM AT ROUGHLY THE SAME TIME
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WHAT WOMEN (AGE AND ETHNICITY) ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE DIZYGOTIC TWINS?
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LATE 30S-OVULATION IS IRREGULAR
NIGERIANS (1:25), ENGLAND (1:100), JAPANESE (1:700) |
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ON-OFF SWITCHING MECHANISMS
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PROCESSES IN WHICH CERTAIN GENES CODE FOR PROTEINS THAT SWITCH OTHER GENES ON AND OFF, MAKING SURE THAT THE OTHER GENES PRODUCE PROTEINS AT THE APPROPRIATE TIMES
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PHENOTYPE
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A PERSON'S ACTUAL APPEARANCE AND BEHAVIOR, WHICH ARE THE RESULT OF BOTH GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
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MULTIFACTORIAL
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REFERRING TO INHERITED TRAITS THAT ARE INFLUENCED BY MANY FACTORS, INCLUDING FACTORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT, RATHER THAN BY GENETIC INFLUENCES ALONE.
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POLYGENIC
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REFERRING TO INHERITED TRAITS THAT ARE INFLUENCED BY MANY GENES, RATHER THAN BY A SINGLE GENE
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ADDITIVE GENE
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A GENE THAT, THROUGH INTERACTION WITH OTHER GENES, AFFECTS A SPECIFIC TRAIT (SUCH AS SKIN COLOR OR HEIGHT)
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DOMINANT-RECESSIVE PATTERN
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THE INTERACTION OF A PAIR OF ALLELES IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE PHENOTYPE REVEALS THE INFLUENCE OF ONE ALLELE (THE DOMINANT GENE) MORE THAN THAT OF THE OTHER (THE RECESSIVE GENE)
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DOMINANT GENE
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THE MEMBER OF AN INTERACTING PAIR OF ALLELES WHOSE INFLUENCE IS MORE EVIDENT IN THE PHENOTYPE
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RECESSIVE GENE
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THE MEMBER OF AN INTERACTING PAIR OF ALLELES WHOSE INFLUENCE IS LESS EVIDENT IN THE PHENOTYPE
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X-LINKED
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REFERRING TO A GENE THAT IS LOCATED ON THE X CHROMOSOME
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HOW MANY DIFFERENT VERSIONS/COMBINATIONS CAN ONE PERSON PRODUCE OF THEIR 23 CHROMOSOMES CONTRIBUTED TO THEIR SPERM/OVA GENETIC MATERIAL?
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8 MILLION VERSIONS/COMBINATIONS OF THE 23 CHROMOSOMES
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HOW MANY VERSIONS/COMBINATIONS OF CHILDREN CAN A COUPLE PRODUCE?
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64 TRILLION CHILDREN WITH VARYING CHROMOSOMES
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HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
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AN INTERNATIONAL EFFORT TO MAP THE COMPLETE HUMAN GENETIC CODE
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WHAT ARE THE 3 FACTS REVEALED BY THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT?
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1. ALL LIVING CREATURES SHARE GENES
2. THE MORE CLOSELY RELATED THE ORGANISMS, THE MORE GENES THEY HAVE IN COMMON. 3. HUMANS HAVE ONLY ABOUT 30,000 GENES (DOWN FROM 100,000) |
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CARRIER
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A PERSON WHOSE GENOTYPE INCLUDES A GENE THAT IS NOT EXPRESSED IN HIS OR HER PHENOTYPE BUT CAN BE PASSED ON TO HIS OR HER CHILDREN
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BEHAVIOR GENETICS
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THE STUDY OF THE GENETIC ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SUCH AS PERSONALITY PATTERNS, PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES
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GENOTYPE
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THE GENETIC POTENTIAL
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PHENOTYPE
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THE COMBINATION OF GENETIC POTENTIAL AND EXPRESSION
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WHAT IS THE GENE THAT IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE?
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ApoE4 (ApoE2-less likely)
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WHAT IS THE RATE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IN THE GENERAL POPULATION VS WHEN A PARENT/SIBLING HAS IT?
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1:12
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WHAT CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN THE GENES THAT COULD POSSIBLY PREDISPOSE A PERSON TO SCHIZOPHRENIA?
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1,5,6,10,13, 15, AND 22
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MOSAIC
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REFERRING TO A CONDITION IN WHICH A PERSON HAS A MIXTURE OF CELLS, SOME NORMAL AND SOME WITH THE INCORRECT NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
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WHAT ARE FACTORS TO CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES?
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ENVIRONMENT, MATERNAL AND PATERNAL AGE, HEREDITY
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON EXTRA-CHROMOSOME CONDITION? AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME ON THE 21ST PAIR
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DOWN'S SYNDROME
AKA TRISOMY-21 |
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TRISOMY
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AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME (THREE INSTEAD OF 2)
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WHAT ARE SOME GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOMEONE WITH TRISOMY-21?
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FACIAL-THICK TONGUE, ROUND FACE, SLANTED EYES
DISTINCTIVE HANDGS, FEET, FINGERPRINTS, HEARING PROBLEMS, HEART ABNORMALITIES, MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND SHORT STATURE. ALMOST ALWAYS SOME MENTAL SLOWNESS |
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WITH THE EXCEPTION OF HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE, WHY AREN'T DOMINANT DISORDERS DISABLING?
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BECAUSE IF IT WAS DISABLING MORE THAN LIKELY IT WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO BE PASSED ON BECAUSE THE PERSON AFFLICTED WOULD NOT HAVE CHILDREN.
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FRAGILE X SYNDROME
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A GENETIC DISORDER IN WHICH PART OF THE X CHROMOSOME IS ATTACHED TO THE REST OF IT BY A VERY THIN STRING OF MOLECULES, OFTEN PRODUCES MENTAL DEFICIENCY IN MALES WHO INHERIT IT.
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GENETIC COUNSELING
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A PROCESS OF CONSULTATION AND TESTING THAT ENABLES INDIVIDUALS TO LEARN ABOUT THEIR GENETIC HERITAGE, INCLUDING CONDITIONS THAT MIGHT HARM ANY CHILDREN THEY MAY HAVE.
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WHO IS GENETIC COUNSELING RECOMMENDED FOR?
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1. HAVE A PARENT, SIBLING, CHILD W/ A SERIOUS GENETIC DISORDER
2. HISTORY OF EARLY MISCARRIAGES, STILLBIRTHS OR INFERTILITY 3. COUPLES FROM SAME ETHNIC/SUBGROUP-ESPECIALLY CLOSE RELATIVES 4. WOMEN OVER 35 AND MEN OVER 40 |
