Dev Sci Exam 2

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adaptation

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the tendency to respond to the demands of the env in ways that meet ones goals; change mental structurea

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assimilation

Back 2

the process by which people translate incoming information into a form they can understand; incorporate info into existing mental structure
ex: camel-->horse

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accommodation

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the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences; adjust mental scheme or create new one to incorporate info
ex: new scheme created for camels

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equilibration

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the process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

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Sensorimotor

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0-2 years; intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities

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Preoperational

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2-7 years; children can represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought

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Concrete Operational

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7-11 years; children can reason logically about concrete objects and events

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Formal Operational

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11+ years; people can think about abstactions and hypothetical situations

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Object Permenance

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(Sensorimotor) the knowledge that obj continue to exist even when they are out of view

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A-Not-B Error

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(Sensorimotor) the tendency to reach where obj have been found before rather than where they were hidden last

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Deferred Imitation

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(Sensorimotor) The repetition of other people behavior a substantial time after it occurred ex: imitating a temper tantrum as seen by a playmate

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Egocentrism

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(Preoperational) the tendency to perceive the world solely from one's own point of view

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Centration

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(Preoperational) tendency to focus on a single perceptually striking feature of an obj or event

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Conservation Concept

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(Preoperational) idea that merely changing the appearance of objs does not change their key properties; lacking in this stage

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task analysis

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research technique of identifying goals, relevant info in the environment, and potential processing strategies for a problem

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Structure

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The basic organization of the cognitive system including its main components and their characteristics

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Processes

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The specific mental activities such as strategies that people use to remember and solve problems

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Sensory Memory

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the fleeting retention of sights sounds and other sensations that have just been experienced

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Long-term Memory

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information retained on an enduring basis

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Working (short-term) Memory

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a kind of workspace in which info from sensory memory and long-term memory is brought together attended to and processed

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Basic Processes

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the simplest and most frequently used mental activities

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Encoding

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the process of representing in memory info that draws attention or is considered important

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Utilization Deficiency

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the phenomenon that initial uses of strategies do not improve memory as much as later uses

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Rehersal

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the process of repeating info over and over to aid memory

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Selective Attention

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the process of intentionally focusing on the info that is most relavant to the current goal

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Autobiographical Memory

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explicit memories of events that took place at specific times and places in an individuals personal past

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Infantile Amnesia

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the inability of most adults to remember anything of their lives before the age of 3 years and little more before the age of 5 years

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Overlapping Waves Theory

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an information-processing approach that emphasizes the variability among childrens thinking

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Dynamic Systems Theory

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an information processing approach that emphasizes how varies aspects of the child function as a single integrated whole

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Core Knowledge theories

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approaches that emphasize the sophistication of infants' and young children's thinking in areas that have been important throughout human evolutionary history

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Domain Specific

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limited to a particular area, such as living things or people

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Socioculture Theories

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approaches that emphasize the contribution to children's development of other people and the surrounding culture

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Guided Participation

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a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn

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Cultural Tools

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the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking

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Private Speech

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the second phase of Vygotsky's internalization-of-thought process in which children develop their self-regulation and problem-solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do, much as their parents did

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Intersubjectivity

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the mutual understanding that people share during communication

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Joint attention

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a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment

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Social Referencing

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the tendency to look to social partners for guidance about how to respond to unfamiliar or threatening events

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Social Scaffolding

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a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own

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Zone of Proximal Development

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the range of performance between what children can do unsupported and what they can do with optimal support