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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fermis golden rule formula+statement |
W_fi=2π*|M_fi|^2*dN/dE_f constant transistion rate: E ES of Xi ->ES of continuum (<=perturbation) Perturb: if H(¬§t)=>Xi->(E_cont=E_i) if H(§t:ω)=>Xi->(E_cont+hquer*ω=E_i) both cases: P_trans=const σ~|M_fi|^2~g^4*(1/q^4) |
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Cross section def "Deriv" out of Reac rate |
σ= #Reac/t /(incFlux*#Zi_targ) dN_reac/dt=dN_inc/dt*A_tar/A=Φ*A_tar=Φ*N_tar*σ |
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HEP Units |
mb=10^-27cm^2 hquer*c= 0.1973 GeVfm R_Prot=0.8fm σ_Prot=80mb hquer=6.588*10^-25 GeVs c=2.988*10^23 fm/s length= 1/GeV/0.1973 fm |
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meas Zi: Char?, ID? |
Mass, Mom, E, Q, S, τ.. Zi-ID:(E,p,Q)(m,p,Q)(p,β,Q).. |
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relKinem |
E^2=(pc)^2+m^2c^4 β=v/c, γ1/√(1-β) E=mγc^2=mc^2+E_kin (vec)p=mγ(vec)βc (vec)β=(vec)pc/E |
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DetSetup |
InnerDet, ECAL, HCAL, μSpec |
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CosmicRay: _? ,√, ?, _?æ, Thresh? |
_?: HE-Rad, HE-Prot/Nucl √:outsideSolarXi, supernova? GalacticNulc?,¬¿ ?: _?æ: secondShower in Atmosph Thresh? |
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ATLASDet; Comp, Feat |
MuonDet, MagnetXi(Toroid, Solenoid), InnerDet(TRD, SCTrack, PixDet)->track->Typ,Mom, CAL(liqArCAL, TileCAL)->stop->E hermetic |
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CMSDet |
SiTrack(4T), ECAL(:PBWO4LeadTungsten, PhotSens: APD), HCAL, supercondSolenoid, MuonChamb(2T) |
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TPC: use? liqAr (+)? Comp? _3Parts? |
E+M-Field+sensV(gas/liquid, eg.liqAr)->3D reConstr Zi-Int/Traject ?liqAr: ENeg<< ->e¬absd, density-> >>σ(eg.ν), scint->measE, cheap 3Part: 1. 1Side: HV-CathPlane->driftEfield(eg.500V/cm) 2. oppSide: AnodeWirePlane: highPot, Sep(1cm): induction+collection(+addSign->reConst) 3.lightCollect: scinLight, ->Trig(Event-->(ns)) outsideDriftV: SiPM RO? |
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IntƒMat: howZidet? qZi Hadr Phot Neutri |
Zi: intƒMat+transfE=>Eloss->det qZi: Ion,Brems,Cherenk...(multiReacELoss) Hadr: nuclInt Phot: PE,CE, PP(1ReacELoss) Neutri: WeakInt |
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ELoss: Ioniz (if Mc^2>>m_e*c^2) dominant? Regions? |
(Mc^2>>m_e*c^2)=>hQZi, elasticCollƒe(dom): Bethe-Bloch: §1/β^2*ln(const*β^2*γ^2) LindhScharf, AndersZiegl, BethBloch, Radiative |
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Bethe-Bloch: valid? Terms? Corr? MIP? |
0.05<βγ<500, M>m_μ kinemFact: β^-2: Δp=∫F/v dx longer time relRise(βγ>4): ~ln(β^2γ^2) HEZi: E_y->γE_y DensEffe(Polar->Shield(longRContr))->Satur (if βγ >>) ShellCorr: βc~v_e (Orb.vel) (<<) MIP: βγ=3-4, dE/dx~13MeV/cm (copper) |
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ELoss: eZi, why diff? e-Zi≠e+Zi? Reac? e+? e-? |
m_e=m_tar id/¬dist°Zi, Brems, Ion, Møller, (onlye+:Bhabba, e+Annih) |
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Bremsstrahlung: ?, formula? why ! (¡) for e? RadLength? dE/dx_tot? E_crit, Approx? ESpec |
√: qZi accel in CoulombFieldof Nucl dE/dx§E/m^2=>!->e! X0=A/[4α*N_A*Z^2*r_e^2*ln(183/Z^1/3)] dE/dx_tot=dE/dx(Brems)+dE/dx(Ioniz) E_crit: dE/dx(Brems=Ioniz) E_c(gas)=710MeV/(Z+0.92) E_c(liq)=610MeV/(Z+1.24) Parabola, Dev for higher eZi Energies |
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ZiRange: Def |
R=(E-0) ∫ 1/(dE/dx) dE |
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dE/dx Fluct: why Thickness:! ? |
Landau=Gauss+tail(<=δeZi) f(Δ/x)=1/√2π exp[-1/2(k)+exp(-k)], k=(Δ/x-a(Δ/x)_mip)/ξ, ξ:MatConst |
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Int of QZi: °æProc How dielConst, Why? Energy Regions |
Ioniz, CherenkRad, TransistRad Med with diel.Const ε=ε1+iε2 imaginary<=PhotAbs realPart: reFract: u(ω)=c/(√ε(ω) optic, Resonanc, X-Ray |
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CherenkRad: formula, kinDer, Prop |
√ε*v/c*cosθ_c=1<=>cosθ_c=1/nβ ω=vec(v)*vec(k)=vkcosθ_c +ω^2=k^2c^2/ε1 dE/dx_cher ≈1% of dE/dx_ion ΔE_loss= |
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TransistRad: whenæ? Expl? Prop? |
relZiØBound(Med:n1≠n2) reArrang of Efield, Change of DipMom: (vec)p=-2e*(vec)vt*θ(t) θ≤1/γ: forward(<=Interfer, CoherencCond) D=γc/ω_c(::PlasmaFreq(Drude)): cohRad(¡)smallL V=πDρ_max^2 cohVol E_max=γhquerω_p: E_max limby PlasmaFreq TreshEffe:<=Abs->needX-Ray, #Phot small->manyFoils=>InterferencƒFoil=>Oscill |
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γ:IntƒMat: Char? Which main? Which further? |
singleInt=>removeofBeam=>Beer-Lambert (λ=1/nσ)meanfreePath PE: E_e=hν-I_b CE: E_γ´=E_γ/(1+E_γ/(m_ec^2)*(1-cosθ)) PP: E_γ≥2m_ec^2(1+m_e/m_n) (last:kinE->Nucl) RayleighScat (γA ➛ γA; A = atom; coherent)ThomsonScat (γe ➛ γe; elScat) PhotNuclAbs (γΚ ➛ pK/nK) NuclResonScat(γK ➛ K* ➛ γK) DelbruckScat (γK ➛ γK) Hadr PP (γK ➛ h+h– K) |
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PhotoEffe |
γE_e=hν-I_b(Z) σ_ph=2πr_e^2α^4Z^5(mc^2)/E_γ (if E_γ>>mc^2) σ_ph=απ*a_B*Z^5(I_0/E_γ)^7/2 (if I_0< A**+ -> A*(++) +eZi AugerEffe (local=>ifZlow) A**+ -> A*(+) +γZi Fluorescenc (longR=>higherZ) |
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ComptScat |
E_γ´=E_γ/(1+E_γ/(m_ec^2)*(1-cosθ)) T_e,max=E_γ(1+mc^2/2E_γ)^-1 complete E-Transfer not possible σ_C=σ_th(1-2E_γ/mc^2) (σ_th=8π/3r_e^2=0.66b:Thomson) (if E_γ< (if E_γ>>m_ec^2): σ_C§(lnE_γ)/E_γ |
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PairProd |
E_γ≥2m_ec^2(1+m_e/m_n) (last:kinE->Nucl) Satur(ifE_γlarge): <=Screenin ifE_γ>>m_ec^2: σ_pair≈7/9(4αr_e^2Z^2ln(183/Z^1/3))=A/(N_A*X_0) |
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ScinChar: Princ, Feat, Req ScinCountAppl |
dE/dx->vis°Light E sensitiv, fast t Resp, PSD ÖEff(Conv:ExcE->FluorRad), Transp(FluorRad), öτ_Dec->°fastResp ToFCount, CAL, Hodosc/FibreTrack, TrigSyst |
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ScinSetup: PhotoSens, ScinTyp |
PhotSens: PM, MicroChannelPlates, HybridPD, vis°LightPhotCount, SiPM ScinTyp: org,inorg, gas |
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inorgScin: Mat, Mechs, t-const (-) |
NaI, CsI, BaF2 E_deposƒIoniz, E_transf->Impur, Rad(ScinPhot) Fast: reComb(<=ActivCent)[ns-μs], Slow: reComb(Trap)[ms-s] quench,trap... strong§T (<>orgScin) |
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ScinGas: Typ? Decay τ, Mech |
liquid nobleGas, He, lAr:130nm, lKr:150nm, lXe:175nm Decay τ: He:τ1=0.02μs τ2=3μs, Ar:τ1=0.02μs A->A*->A2*(Molec)->A+A+γ(UV) ->A+->A2+ +eZi(reComb)->A2*->A+A+γ(UV) |
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orgScin: Mech, AbsRange, EmissRang WLS: ?, Name, x?, Mech? tscaleofMech? |
Transist_freeeZi =>very fast τ, AbsRange:3-4eV, Fluoresc in UVRange~320nm => WLS Fluor: S1->S0 (τ<10^-8) Phosp: T1->T0 (τ>10^-4) WLS: StokesShift ->Transp, <=FranckCondonPrinc: Exc in vibrTai, deExc from lowst vibrTai, Exc τ=e-14s Vibr τ=e-12s S1 τ=e-8s |
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plastic/liquidScin: _?, Req?, Eg.? |
orgScin in Solv: c(1."Fluor")>>c(2."Fluor")>>c(3.... solv° in BaseMat, (h)FluorescYield, AbsSpec overlap Liq: Solv(:Benzen, Toluen, Xylen), 2."Fl."(:p-terphenyl, DPO,PBD) 3.Fl: POPOP,BBO,BPO Plast: Solv(:PVB, PVT, PS) 2."Fl."(:p-terphenyl, DPO,PBD) 3.Fl: POPOP,BBO,TBP,DPS |
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WLS: ?, Princ? Req? LightGuide: Mat?, x?, Prob/Lim? |
λ_scin->λ_specSens of PhotoSens, Req: Transp for λ_emitd LightGuide: PlexiGlas, optFibre, tot intrRefl LiouvillesTheorem: complTransf ¬°! <=ΔxΔθ=const: lim Angle_accept => use adiabLightGuide "FishTail" |
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PhotDet: Purpose, Princ, Req, Dev |
conv: Light->det°elSign PE: Phot->e_phot (h)PDE/QE:=N_pe/N_phot Photomultipliers [PMT]Micro Channel Plates [MCP]Photo Diodes [PD] HybridPhoto Diodes [HPD]Visible Light Photon Counters [VLPC]Silicon Photomultipliers [SiPM] |
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PM: Mech? QE? Gain? Prob? Optimiz? ERes? MicroPlate: Princ? (+)/(-) |
γ->e- -(Cathode)->escape, QE=10-30% G=δ^n,δ=2-10, n=8-15 => G=10^(6-8), (-)sensBfield!evenEarthfield PMT Gain, Anode Isolat, Lin, t_transit Lin: highDynCurr=>SpaceQEffe=>Satur Phot-eZiStat(Poisson): σ_n/n=1/√n≈0.7% Second¬!: (¡)! for singlPhotonDet 2D PM: StripCurrent=>contDynChain (+) B-fiel tolerant -0.1T, fast: 50ps, G=5e4 (-) limitdRateCap |
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SiPM: Princ, Feat, Char (+)/(-) |
Pix PD in GeigerMode, 1Pix=binaryDev=>E§#Pix
10e3Pix/mm2, G=10e6, BiasVolt: <100V, Eff≈30% (+): ¬§Bfield, RoomTemp §T |
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orgScin Prop: LY, Quench, BirksLaw orgScin vs inorgScin: |
LY: dL/dx=L0*dE/dx nonlinearResp<=Satur(avail°Tai) dL/dx=L0*dE/dx/(1+kB*dE/dx) (+)shap° ,PSD°, ö§T vs dens, ERes, LY:ε_sc=0.13 (-) ε_sc=0.03, RadDam vs. complicCrystGrowth, Ö§T |
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semicondDet: Applic: _?, (+), Eg.? |
PhotSpecƒHE-Res, VertexDetƒhigh spatialRes, EMeasofQZi(~MeV) (+): °œöStructƒmicroChipTechn 10μmPrec, lowCost Req(¡)öE_depos/(det°)e-h-Pair: Si:3.6eV/ehP, Ioniz:(lAr): O(30eV) for1Ion, Scin:O(100eV)§LY(1-10%) |
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scDet: Prop, Types? TypTypes? Why TypTypes? |
Cond,ValBand: Egap: Insul:6eV, SC:1eV, Metal:overlap intr: pure, QZi<=th/opt/othExc(e-h-Pair) dopd/extr: mostQZi<=Donors:(Impur,Dopin) n-Typ: Qcarrier mostly eZi (pentavalent) p-Typ: Qcarrier mostly hZi (trivalent) pentaval(5thweak): eDonor: P, As, Sb.. trival(1missing): eAccept: Al, B, Ga, In, .. |
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EBand: _?, <=?, Model? P_Occup‹°Tai: Qcarrier c() in cond/valBand |
Band::RegionƒÄdiscrELev,closSpacin <=Int_e+ÄAtoms_cryst/sol, ETai‹Band≈Zi‹Box(FermiGasMod) =>E(k)=hqer^2k^2/2m_e[DispersRel] g(E)§(2m_e/hquer^2)^3/2*√E §√E [Dens‹Tai] P_Occup‹°Tai: f(E,T)=1/(exp((E-μ)/k_BT)+1) N_C/V: §(m*T)^3/2effDens_e/h@Edge‹cond/valB n/p=N_C/V*exp(±(μ-E_C/V)/k_B*T) |
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Intrinsic: Law‹MassAction |
noImpur=>np=N_C*N_V*exp(E_V-E_C/kBT)§(m_e*m_h)^3/2 #e@cond=#h@val: T=0:E_F=μ, Τ>0: E_F§T |
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Doping: =>_? |
n≠p, nDop:+e, pDop:+h |
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np-Junct: Depth? ApplofVolt Bias: _?, Typs? Schottky-Junct (Barrier) |
deplLayer, DeplDepth§Mob_qZi: d≈x_p≈√(2εU/(eN_A)): typcl:N_A=10^15/cm^3 appldVolt@pnJunct, Zero: pn-Junct: metal as p-type SC (E_pot-barrier€e:E_F-E_V) |
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PulsShapEstimate: √? Efield§x? InducdQ? SignRiseTim |
PulseƒInduct, Q=e(d-x)/d=>Q§x(e-h-Prod) τ=ε/σ |
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E_Res: Dep?, if full E abs? FanoFact: ::? <>ƒ ScinDet? |
ERes=ΔE/E, ΔE::FWHM=2.35σ(Gauss) E=N_i/ε_i, =>ΔΕ~2.35σ~2.35√N_i=>R=2.35√(ε0/E)~1/√E FanoFact::σ^2=FN_i, =>R=2.35√(Fε0/E) ERes‹SC>>ScinDet(25-30) |
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EMeas Realiz: Types? (+),(-) |
DiffusedBarrierDet->ÖsensV:(-) SurfaceBarrierDet: (+)metal->¬DarkI, (-) lightsens p-i-n Det (LiDriftDiod): thick DeplLayer IntrGe-Det: üpurGe, (+)noCoolin, |
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Diffuse Barrier Det: Mat?, Impur?, typDim, (-) |
ka |
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Surface Barrier Det: |
ka |
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p-i-n Det: Idea? |
thickDeplLayerƒCompens(Donor/Acceptor) intrinsicLayer between p/n dotin=> large spaceChargeReg |
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intr Ge Det: (+), how pur? Appl? |
no coolin, zone meltin: meltinImpur->End γSpec, lowE eZiDet, ionizZiDet, dE/dx->ZiID |
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Position-sensDet: Mot? Princ? RO? Limit? |
τ:O(ps)=>xRes!O(5-30μm)=>meas small τ(ps)=>xRes!:5-30μm Segm:Strips,Pads,Pixs Reduc elChanƒQDivisMeth:◊ØGrav‹Q_coll δeZi shiftØGrav, increas§Thickness: sensV/√12, chargeCloudsmear, Bfield=>Drift(whynot calibr?, Sign/Noise |
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doublSide microStripDet: (+)? need? |
(+): spatialRes in x+y need: good Insultaor: !¬pSpacCharg attract e from nLayer, BlockinElectrod->separate n+Strip=>Add p+Electrod/AlContactƒnegBiasVolt |
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PixDet: (+) (-) |
higher Occupancy allowd, (-) ÄROChan, complicTech "boron bumping", sophistic RO Architect |
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CCD |
chargedcoupledDev |
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GasDet: Why secondIon? Prob? IonStat? |
δ-el: limit xRes: typic: 10μm Poisson, +!: Mobil°=>TiminBehav‹GasDet, Diffus=>xRel, Avalanch:GainFact‹GasDet, reComb+eAttach: DetEff eg.elnegGases(O2..) |
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Drift&Diffusion@Gas: Mobil°? §_? how (vec)v_Drift=const? Diffus: Cases? exactSolv? |
(vec)v=μ*(vec)E, hotgas coldgas, useGasMix->!€DriftTimeMeas@egDriftChamb eg Ar-CH4-Mix Th, InflBfield/Efield, Solv: num: "transport eq for eDensDist" |
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e-Loss@Drift RamsauerEffe |
reComb:Ion+e§ #QZi +reCombCoef(†¬!) e-Attach: over slow e: gas transp "RamsauerEffe" |
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AvalanchMultipl whyDropShap? secondIoniz |
ÖEfield=>ÖE_kin‹e Drop<=: λion=1/α [1stTownsendCoef] dn=n*α dx=>n=n0*exp(αx)=>G=n/n0=exp(αx): G≈10^8=>sparkin (75-100eV=>ÖP()) |
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SinglWirePropCount: Efield, Volt, Cap, Modes? |
SinglWir: E=U0/(r*ln(r0/r_i)) |E|=λ/(2πε0*r), λ=Q/L Volt: V0=λ/(2πε0)*ln(b/a)=λ/C; C:Capac Modes: reComb-->°¬Collec, Ion:G=1, Prop:G=10e(4-5),!:quenchd, Sign§Ion, ◊dE/dx limProp(Satur,Stream):üPE,!:üquench,G=10e10 Geig: üüPE, fullL‹Anod,quench=HVcut! |
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SWPC: AvalShap@Anod, Sign? |
Drop‹+Zi, V-/V+=0.013=>(¡)Ion->Sign, 10^-3*t_drift_tot=0.5SignVolt |
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MWPC: SetupParam, Field Feat, Req:Mech Prob? Res:Timin, Space (+) |
d,r_w, L, U0, ||Wire:radField, farWire:homField Trackin‹QZi, ZiIDCapƒdE/dx, ÖAreaCover,ÖRateCap, mechPrec:Geom+WireTension, DisplEffe, Res:_t§x_penetr(eg.σt=10ns),_x:σx=d/√12 (+) cathodRO=>2dInfo=>xRes(<=Ø‹Grav),¬Ambig |
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MSGC: why?(+) Prob? |
avoidWires:microStruct@Diel: simpConstr, Stab°/Flex°, +RateCap, Charg‹IsolatStruc, Aging:Sol:middleGrid"micromega":collectIon+ampl e (G=10e5) thinKaptonFoilƒmetalCoatƒHole(1-2e2μm) |
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IonizChamb: Sign:@PulsModOp |
R: z(t)=v_D*t (v_D_e=1000v_D_ion≈4cm/μs) ¬§x_ion,d_det withRC: linRis, expFall, t_dead≈τ(:ChambResp=RC) PulsH+Res§x_ion (=>FrischGrid) |
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IonizChamb: FrischGrid: ? Princ? Prob |
Res§x_ion, shield:indQZi, transp:eZi, eZipassdGrid¥=d=>¬§x öSign=>!:sens,lowNois-pre-Ampl |
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IonizChamb: MusicII: Param |
multipSampIonChamb, |
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DriftChamb: Princ? need? howwhyMod? xRes? Prob? |
meas t_D: !¿ t0:(fastScin), x=(0-t_D)∫v_D dt=> !welldefDriftField Region:lowEfield(=>Öt_drift)=>FieldWire ◊:◊t_drift:Diffus(σ~√x), δeZi, Elec(σ=const), DriftPath(‡||Anod) (σ~1/x) l-r-Ambig:Solv:"staggerdWires" |
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Semiconductor: _?, Feat? Dopin? (+) |
Cryst, Si, Ge, Ga "mettaloid staircasere" high R (§T,Dopin), °++>pn-Junct, elProp: Cond, "extrinsic" (+) varR, sens°Light,Heat; |
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Calorimetry: Princ Feat? Why Segm in Depth |
measE (°t:Pos) of Zi, incZi=>ZiShower=>E_depos(Heat,Ioniz,Exc,Cher..) Sign~E_depos(calibr◊PropFact) 4π(hermetic) (magnSpec:Bfieldanisotrop), fastTimin->Trig (eg. ATLAS L1), also nZi (HCAL) (¬likemagnSpec) Segm: dist Hadr-(¡)eIntZi |
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ERes: comp PRes(magnSpec) Homogen Samplin |
σ_e/E~1/√E, σ_p/p~p ifEhigh=>CALRes better Homgen: 1/√E:QFluct(:Show, Phot-eZi, ≈const(§long/lat):ShowerLeak, 1/E:Instr(:Nois, LightAtten, ¬Unif) Samplin: 1/√E: Samplin, Landau, L_track |
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Shower: Depth(ShowMax); compmagnSpec EShower: formula: R_M?, why broaden? Halo? |
L~lnE/E_c ; σ_p/p~p/L^2 (size^2!) remind: dE/dx(Brems)=E/X0, dE/dx(Ion)=E_c/X0 R_M=21MeV/E_c*X0, 90% of E_shower in R_M Broad: MS Halo◊Perform, highZ=>älowE γ=>öHalo |
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Homogenous (+), (-), use? _Sign->_Mat |
highDensMat:Abs+actMed (+) +++ERes (-) expensive, (¡)€ECAL‡(e,γ) ScinLight->BGO,BaF2,CeF3 CherLight->LeadGlass IonSign->liqnoblGas(Ar,Kr,Xe) |
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Sampling: Princ? (+) (-) |
Abs|actMed|Abs... AbsMat: Fe,Pb,U actMed: plastScin, SiDet, liqIonChamb, GasDet (+) sep(act/pass)=>adapt°->Req, hDensMat=>compact CAL, cheap(<=passMat) (-) ö%dE/dx detd@actMed: (10e-5@GasDet), =>samplFluct=> |
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HadrInt, Typ, Typtyp? |
el/inel, inter-/intraNuclCasc, Fission, NuclEvap |
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d |
d |