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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Fermis golden rule formula+statement

W_fi=2π*|M_fi|^2*dN/dE_f


constant transistion rate:


E ES of Xi ->ES of continuum (<=perturbation)


Perturb: if H(¤t)=>Xi->(E_cont=E_i)


if H(§t:ω)=>Xi->(E_cont+hquer*ω=E_i)


both cases: P_trans=const


σ~|M_fi|^2~g^4*(1/q^4)

Cross section def


"Deriv" out of Reac rate

σ= #Reac/t /(incFlux*#Zi_targ)




dN_reac/dt=dN_inc/dt*A_tar/A=Φ*A_tar=Φ*N_tar*σ

HEP Units

mb=10^-27cm^2


hquer*c= 0.1973 GeVfm


R_Prot=0.8fm


σ_Prot=80mb


hquer=6.588*10^-25 GeVs


c=2.988*10^23 fm/s


length= 1/GeV/0.1973 fm



meas Zi: Char?, ID?

Mass, Mom, E, Q, S, τ..


Zi-ID:(E,p,Q)(m,p,Q)(p,β,Q)..

relKinem

E^2=(pc)^2+m^2c^4


β=v/c, γ1/√(1-β)


E=mγc^2=mc^2+E_kin


(vec)p=mγ(vec)βc


(vec)β=(vec)pc/E



DetSetup

InnerDet, ECAL, HCAL, μSpec

CosmicRay: _? ,√, ?, _?æ, Thresh?

_?: HE-Rad, HE-Prot/Nucl


√:outsideSolarXi, supernova? GalacticNulc?,¬¿


?:


_?æ: secondShower in Atmosph


Thresh?

ATLASDet; Comp, Feat

MuonDet, MagnetXi(Toroid, Solenoid), InnerDet(TRD, SCTrack, PixDet)->track->Typ,Mom, CAL(liqArCAL, TileCAL)->stop->E


hermetic

CMSDet

SiTrack(4T), ECAL(:PBWO4LeadTungsten, PhotSens: APD), HCAL, supercondSolenoid, MuonChamb(2T)

TPC: use?


liqAr (+)?


Comp? _3Parts?

E+M-Field+sensV(gas/liquid, eg.liqAr)->3D reConstr Zi-Int/Traject


?liqAr: ENeg<< ->e¬absd, density-> >>σ(eg.ν), scint->measE, cheap


3Part: 1. 1Side: HV-CathPlane->driftEfield(eg.500V/cm)


2. oppSide: AnodeWirePlane: highPot, Sep(1cm): induction+collection(+addSign->reConst)


3.lightCollect: scinLight, ->Trig(Event-->(ns)) outsideDriftV: SiPM


RO?





IntƒMat: howZidet?


qZi


Hadr


Phot


Neutri

Zi: intƒMat+transfE=>Eloss->det


qZi: Ion,Brems,Cherenk...(multiReacELoss)


Hadr: nuclInt


Phot: PE,CE, PP(1ReacELoss)


Neutri: WeakInt

ELoss: Ioniz (if Mc^2>>m_e*c^2)


dominant?


Regions?

(Mc^2>>m_e*c^2)=>hQZi,


elasticCollƒe(dom): Bethe-Bloch: §1/β^2*ln(const*β^2*γ^2)


LindhScharf, AndersZiegl, BethBloch, Radiative

Bethe-Bloch: valid?


Terms?


Corr?


MIP?

0.05<βγ<500, M>m_μ


kinemFact: β^-2: Δp=∫F/v dx longer time


relRise(βγ>4): ~ln(β^2γ^2) HEZi: E_y->γE_y


DensEffe(Polar->Shield(longRContr))->Satur (if βγ >>)


ShellCorr: βc~v_e (Orb.vel) (<<)


MIP: βγ=3-4, dE/dx~13MeV/cm (copper)

ELoss: eZi, why diff?


e-Zi≠e+Zi?


Reac? e+? e-?

m_e=m_tar


id/¬dist°Zi,


Brems, Ion, Møller, (onlye+:Bhabba, e+Annih)

Bremsstrahlung: ?,


formula? why ! (¡) for e?


RadLength?


dE/dx_tot?


E_crit, Approx?


ESpec

√: qZi accel in CoulombFieldof Nucl


dE/dx§E/m^2=>!->e!


X0=A/[4α*N_A*Z^2*r_e^2*ln(183/Z^1/3)]


dE/dx_tot=dE/dx(Brems)+dE/dx(Ioniz)


E_crit: dE/dx(Brems=Ioniz)


E_c(gas)=710MeV/(Z+0.92)


E_c(liq)=610MeV/(Z+1.24)


Parabola, Dev for higher eZi Energies

ZiRange: Def

R=(E-0) ∫ 1/(dE/dx) dE

dE/dx Fluct:


why Thickness:! ?

Landau=Gauss+tail(<=δeZi)


f(Δ/x)=1/√2π exp[-1/2(k)+exp(-k)],


k=(Δ/x-a(Δ/x)_mip)/ξ, ξ:MatConst





Int of QZi: °æProc


How dielConst, Why?


Energy Regions

Ioniz, CherenkRad, TransistRad


Med with diel.Const ε=ε1+iε2


imaginary<=PhotAbs


realPart: reFract: u(ω)=c/(√ε(ω)


optic, Resonanc, X-Ray

CherenkRad: formula, kinDer, Prop

√ε*v/c*cosθ_c=1<=>cosθ_c=1/nβ


ω=vec(v)*vec(k)=vkcosθ_c


+ω^2=k^2c^2/ε1


dE/dx_cher ≈1% of dE/dx_ion


ΔE_loss=

TransistRad: whenæ? Expl? Prop?

relZiØBound(Med:n1≠n2)


reArrang of Efield, Change of DipMom: (vec)p=-2e*(vec)vt*θ(t)


θ≤1/γ: forward(<=Interfer, CoherencCond)


D=γc/ω_c(::PlasmaFreq(Drude)): cohRad(¡)smallL


V=πDρ_max^2 cohVol


E_max=γhquerω_p: E_max limby PlasmaFreq


TreshEffe:<=Abs->needX-Ray, #Phot small->manyFoils=>InterferencƒFoil=>Oscill

γ:IntƒMat: Char? Which main? Which further?

singleInt=>removeofBeam=>Beer-Lambert (λ=1/nσ)meanfreePath


PE: E_e=hν-I_b


CE: E_γ´=E_γ/(1+E_γ/(m_ec^2)*(1-cosθ))


PP: E_γ≥2m_ec^2(1+m_e/m_n) (last:kinE->Nucl)


RayleighScat (γA ➛ γA; A = atom; coherent)ThomsonScat (γe ➛ γe; elScat)


PhotNuclAbs (γΚ ➛ pK/nK)


NuclResonScat(γK ➛ K* ➛ γK)


DelbruckScat (γK ➛ γK)


Hadr PP (γK ➛ h+h– K)

PhotoEffe

γE_e=hν-I_b(Z)


σ_ph=2πr_e^2α^4Z^5(mc^2)/E_γ (if E_γ>>mc^2)


σ_ph=απ*a_B*Z^5(I_0/E_γ)^7/2 (if I_0<


A**+ -> A*(++) +eZi AugerEffe (local=>ifZlow)


A**+ -> A*(+) +γZi Fluorescenc (longR=>higherZ)

ComptScat

E_γ´=E_γ/(1+E_γ/(m_ec^2)*(1-cosθ))


T_e,max=E_γ(1+mc^2/2E_γ)^-1


complete E-Transfer not possible


σ_C=σ_th(1-2E_γ/mc^2) (σ_th=8π/3r_e^2=0.66b:Thomson)


(if E_γ<


(if E_γ>>m_ec^2): σ_C§(lnE_γ)/E_γ

PairProd

E_γ≥2m_ec^2(1+m_e/m_n) (last:kinE->Nucl)


Satur(ifE_γlarge): <=Screenin


ifE_γ>>m_ec^2: σ_pair≈7/9(4αr_e^2Z^2ln(183/Z^1/3))=A/(N_A*X_0)

ScinChar: Princ, Feat, Req




ScinCountAppl

dE/dx->vis°Light


E sensitiv, fast t Resp, PSD


ÖEff(Conv:ExcE->FluorRad), Transp(FluorRad), öτ_Dec->°fastResp




ToFCount, CAL, Hodosc/FibreTrack, TrigSyst

ScinSetup: PhotoSens, ScinTyp

PhotSens: PM, MicroChannelPlates, HybridPD, vis°LightPhotCount, SiPM


ScinTyp: org,inorg, gas

inorgScin: Mat, Mechs, t-const


(-)

NaI, CsI, BaF2


E_deposƒIoniz, E_transf->Impur, Rad(ScinPhot)


Fast: reComb(<=ActivCent)[ns-μs], Slow: reComb(Trap)[ms-s]


quench,trap...


strong§T (<>orgScin)

ScinGas: Typ? Decay τ, Mech

liquid nobleGas, He, lAr:130nm, lKr:150nm, lXe:175nm


Decay τ: He:τ1=0.02μs τ2=3μs, Ar:τ1=0.02μs


A->A*->A2*(Molec)->A+A+γ(UV)


->A+->A2+ +eZi(reComb)->A2*->A+A+γ(UV)

orgScin: Mech, AbsRange, EmissRang


WLS: ?, Name, x?, Mech? tscaleofMech?

Transist_freeeZi =>very fast τ, AbsRange:3-4eV, Fluoresc in UVRange~320nm => WLS


Fluor: S1->S0 (τ<10^-8)


Phosp: T1->T0 (τ>10^-4)


WLS: StokesShift ->Transp, <=FranckCondonPrinc: Exc in vibrTai, deExc from lowst vibrTai,


Exc τ=e-14s


Vibr τ=e-12s


S1 τ=e-8s

plastic/liquidScin: _?, Req?, Eg.?

orgScin in Solv: c(1."Fluor")>>c(2."Fluor")>>c(3....


solv° in BaseMat, (h)FluorescYield, AbsSpec overlap


Liq: Solv(:Benzen, Toluen, Xylen), 2."Fl."(:p-terphenyl, DPO,PBD) 3.Fl: POPOP,BBO,BPO


Plast: Solv(:PVB, PVT, PS) 2."Fl."(:p-terphenyl, DPO,PBD) 3.Fl: POPOP,BBO,TBP,DPS

WLS: ?, Princ? Req?


LightGuide: Mat?, x?, Prob/Lim?

λ_scin->λ_specSens of PhotoSens, Req: Transp for λ_emitd


LightGuide: PlexiGlas, optFibre, tot intrRefl


LiouvillesTheorem: complTransf ¬°! <=ΔxΔθ=const: lim Angle_accept


=> use adiabLightGuide "FishTail"

PhotDet: Purpose, Princ, Req, Dev

conv: Light->det°elSign


PE: Phot->e_phot


(h)PDE/QE:=N_pe/N_phot


Photomultipliers [PMT]Micro Channel Plates [MCP]Photo Diodes [PD] HybridPhoto Diodes [HPD]Visible Light Photon Counters [VLPC]Silicon Photomultipliers [SiPM]

PM: Mech? QE?


Gain?


Prob?


Optimiz?


ERes?


MicroPlate: Princ? (+)/(-)

γ->e- -(Cathode)->escape, QE=10-30%


G=δ^n,δ=2-10, n=8-15 => G=10^(6-8),


(-)sensBfield!evenEarthfield


PMT Gain, Anode Isolat, Lin, t_transit


Lin: highDynCurr=>SpaceQEffe=>Satur


Phot-eZiStat(Poisson): σ_n/n=1/√n≈0.7% Second¬!: (¡)! for singlPhotonDet


2D PM: StripCurrent=>contDynChain


(+) B-fiel tolerant -0.1T, fast: 50ps, G=5e4 (-) limitdRateCap

SiPM: Princ, Feat, Char


(+)/(-)



Pix PD in GeigerMode, 1Pix=binaryDev=>E§#Pix

10e3Pix/mm2, G=10e6, BiasVolt: <100V, Eff≈30%




(+): ¤Bfield, RoomTemp


§T

orgScin Prop: LY, Quench, BirksLaw




orgScin vs inorgScin:

LY: dL/dx=L0*dE/dx


nonlinearResp<=Satur(avail°Tai)


dL/dx=L0*dE/dx/(1+kB*dE/dx)




(+)shap° ,PSD°, ö§T vs dens, ERes, LY:ε_sc=0.13


(-) ε_sc=0.03, RadDam vs. complicCrystGrowth, Ö§T

semicondDet: Applic: _?, (+), Eg.?

PhotSpecƒHE-Res, VertexDetƒhigh spatialRes, EMeasofQZi(~MeV)


(+): °œöStructƒmicroChipTechn 10μmPrec, lowCost


Req(¡)öE_depos/(det°)e-h-Pair: Si:3.6eV/ehP, Ioniz:(lAr): O(30eV) for1Ion, Scin:O(100eV)§LY(1-10%)

scDet: Prop, Types? TypTypes? Why TypTypes?

Cond,ValBand: Egap: Insul:6eV, SC:1eV, Metal:overlap


intr: pure, QZi<=th/opt/othExc(e-h-Pair)


dopd/extr: mostQZi<=Donors:(Impur,Dopin)


n-Typ: Qcarrier mostly eZi (pentavalent)


p-Typ: Qcarrier mostly hZi (trivalent)


pentaval(5thweak): eDonor: P, As, Sb..


trival(1missing): eAccept: Al, B, Ga, In, ..

EBand: _?, <=?, Model?


P_Occup‹°Tai:


Qcarrier c() in cond/valBand

Band::RegionĀdiscrELev,closSpacin


<=Int_e+ÄAtoms_cryst/sol,


ETai‹Band≈Zi‹Box(FermiGasMod)


=>E(k)=hqer^2k^2/2m_e[DispersRel]


g(E)§(2m_e/hquer^2)^3/2*√E §√E [Dens‹Tai]


P_Occup‹°Tai: f(E,T)=1/(exp((E-μ)/k_BT)+1)


N_C/V: §(m*T)^3/2effDens_e/h@Edge‹cond/valB


n/p=N_C/V*exp(±(μ-E_C/V)/k_B*T)

Intrinsic: Law‹MassAction

noImpur=>np=N_C*N_V*exp(E_V-E_C/kBT)§(m_e*m_h)^3/2


#e@cond=#h@val: T=0:E_F=μ, Τ>0: E_F§T



Doping: =>_?

n≠p, nDop:+e, pDop:+h

np-Junct: Depth?


ApplofVolt


Bias: _?, Typs?


Schottky-Junct


(Barrier)

deplLayer, DeplDepth§Mob_qZi: d≈x_p≈√(2εU/(eN_A)): typcl:N_A=10^15/cm^3


appldVolt@pnJunct, Zero:


pn-Junct: metal as p-type SC


(E_pot-barrier€e:E_F-E_V)

PulsShapEstimate: √?


Efield§x?


InducdQ?


SignRiseTim

PulseƒInduct, Q=e(d-x)/d=>Q§x(e-h-Prod)




τ=ε/σ

E_Res: Dep?,


if full E abs?


FanoFact: ::?


<>ƒ ScinDet?

ERes=ΔE/E, ΔE::FWHM=2.35σ(Gauss)


E=N_i/ε_i, =>ΔΕ~2.35σ~2.35√N_i=>R=2.35√(ε0/E)~1/√E


FanoFact::σ^2=FN_i, =>R=2.35√(Fε0/E)


ERes‹SC>>ScinDet(25-30)

EMeas Realiz: Types? (+),(-)

DiffusedBarrierDet->ÖsensV:(-)


SurfaceBarrierDet: (+)metal->¬DarkI, (-) lightsens


p-i-n Det (LiDriftDiod): thick DeplLayer


IntrGe-Det: üpurGe, (+)noCoolin,



Diffuse Barrier Det: Mat?, Impur?, typDim, (-)

ka

Surface Barrier Det:

ka

p-i-n Det: Idea?

thickDeplLayerƒCompens(Donor/Acceptor)


intrinsicLayer between p/n dotin=> large spaceChargeReg

intr Ge Det: (+),


how pur?


Appl?

no coolin,


zone meltin: meltinImpur->End


γSpec, lowE eZiDet, ionizZiDet, dE/dx->ZiID

Position-sensDet: Mot?


Princ?


RO?


Limit?



τ:O(ps)=>xRes!O(5-30μm)=>meas small τ(ps)=>xRes!:5-30μm


Segm:Strips,Pads,Pixs


Reduc elChanƒQDivisMeth:◊ØGrav‹Q_coll


δeZi shiftØGrav, increas§Thickness: sensV/√12, chargeCloudsmear, Bfield=>Drift(whynot calibr?, Sign/Noise

doublSide microStripDet: (+)? need?

(+): spatialRes in x+y


need: good Insultaor: !¬pSpacCharg attract e from nLayer, BlockinElectrod->separate n+Strip=>Add p+Electrod/AlContactƒnegBiasVolt

PixDet: (+)


(-)



higher Occupancy allowd,


(-) ÄROChan, complicTech "boron bumping", sophistic RO Architect

CCD

chargedcoupledDev

GasDet: Why secondIon? Prob?


IonStat?

δ-el: limit xRes: typic: 10μm


Poisson, +!: Mobil°=>TiminBehav‹GasDet, Diffus=>xRel, Avalanch:GainFact‹GasDet, reComb+eAttach: DetEff eg.elnegGases(O2..)

Drift&Diffusion@Gas: Mobil°? §_? how (vec)v_Drift=const?


Diffus: Cases? exactSolv?

(vec)v=μ*(vec)E, hotgas coldgas, useGasMix->!€DriftTimeMeas@egDriftChamb eg Ar-CH4-Mix


Th, InflBfield/Efield, Solv: num: "transport eq for eDensDist"

e-Loss@Drift


RamsauerEffe

reComb:Ion+e§ #QZi +reCombCoef(†¬!)


e-Attach: over


slow e: gas transp "RamsauerEffe"



AvalanchMultipl


whyDropShap?


secondIoniz

ÖEfield=>ÖE_kin‹e


Drop<=:


λion=1/α [1stTownsendCoef]


dn=n*α dx=>n=n0*exp(αx)=>G=n/n0=exp(αx): G≈10^8=>sparkin (75-100eV=>ÖP())

SinglWirePropCount: Efield, Volt, Cap, Modes?

SinglWir: E=U0/(r*ln(r0/r_i))


|E|=λ/(2πε0*r), λ=Q/L


Volt: V0=λ/(2πε0)*ln(b/a)=λ/C; C:Capac


Modes: reComb-->°¬Collec, Ion:G=1,


Prop:G=10e(4-5),!:quenchd, Sign§Ion, ◊dE/dx


limProp(Satur,Stream):üPE,!:üquench,G=10e10


Geig: üüPE, fullL‹Anod,quench=HVcut!

SWPC: AvalShap@Anod, Sign?

Drop‹+Zi, V-/V+=0.013=>(¡)Ion->Sign, 10^-3*t_drift_tot=0.5SignVolt



MWPC: SetupParam, Field


Feat,




Req:Mech


Prob?


Res:Timin, Space


(+)

d,r_w, L, U0, ||Wire:radField, farWire:homField


Trackin‹QZi, ZiIDCapƒdE/dx, ÖAreaCover,ÖRateCap, mechPrec:Geom+WireTension,


DisplEffe,


Res:_t§x_penetr(eg.σt=10ns),_x:σx=d/√12


(+) cathodRO=>2dInfo=>xRes(<=Ø‹Grav),¬Ambig

MSGC: why?(+) Prob?

avoidWires:microStruct@Diel: simpConstr, Stab°/Flex°, +RateCap,


Charg‹IsolatStruc, Aging:Sol:middleGrid"micromega":collectIon+ampl e (G=10e5)


thinKaptonFoilƒmetalCoatƒHole(1-2e2μm)

IonizChamb: Sign:@PulsModOp

R: z(t)=v_D*t (v_D_e=1000v_D_ion≈4cm/μs) ¬§x_ion,d_det


withRC: linRis, expFall, t_dead≈τ(:ChambResp=RC)


PulsH+Res§x_ion (=>FrischGrid)


IonizChamb: FrischGrid: ?


Princ?


Prob

Res§x_ion,


shield:indQZi, transp:eZi, eZipassdGrid¥=d=>¬§x


öSign=>!:sens,lowNois-pre-Ampl

IonizChamb: MusicII: Param

multipSampIonChamb,

DriftChamb: Princ?


need?


howwhyMod?


xRes?


Prob?

meas t_D: !¿ t0:(fastScin), x=(0-t_D)∫v_D dt=> !welldefDriftField


Region:lowEfield(=>Öt_drift)=>FieldWire


◊:◊t_drift:Diffus(σ~√x), δeZi, Elec(σ=const), DriftPath(‡||Anod) (σ~1/x)


l-r-Ambig:Solv:"staggerdWires"

Semiconductor: _?,


Feat?


Dopin?


(+)

Cryst, Si, Ge, Ga "mettaloid staircasere"


high R (§T,Dopin),


°++>pn-Junct, elProp: Cond, "extrinsic"


(+) varR, sens°Light,Heat;

Calorimetry: Princ


Feat?


Why Segm in Depth

measE (°t:Pos) of Zi,


incZi=>ZiShower=>E_depos(Heat,Ioniz,Exc,Cher..)


Sign~E_depos(calibr◊PropFact)


4π(hermetic) (magnSpec:Bfieldanisotrop), fastTimin->Trig (eg. ATLAS L1),


also nZi (HCAL) (¬likemagnSpec)


Segm: dist Hadr-(¡)eIntZi





ERes: comp PRes(magnSpec)


Homogen


Samplin



σ_e/E~1/√E, σ_p/p~p ifEhigh=>CALRes better


Homgen: 1/√E:QFluct(:Show, Phot-eZi, ≈const(§long/lat):ShowerLeak, 1/E:Instr(:Nois, LightAtten, ¬Unif)


Samplin: 1/√E: Samplin, Landau, L_track

Shower: Depth(ShowMax); compmagnSpec


EShower: formula: R_M?,


why broaden? Halo?

L~lnE/E_c ; σ_p/p~p/L^2 (size^2!)


remind: dE/dx(Brems)=E/X0, dE/dx(Ion)=E_c/X0


R_M=21MeV/E_c*X0, 90% of E_shower in R_M


Broad: MS


Halo◊Perform, highZ=>älowE γ=>öHalo

Homogenous (+), (-), use?


_Sign->_Mat

highDensMat:Abs+actMed


(+) +++ERes


(-) expensive, (¡)€ECAL‡(e,γ)


ScinLight->BGO,BaF2,CeF3


CherLight->LeadGlass


IonSign->liqnoblGas(Ar,Kr,Xe)

Sampling: Princ?


(+)


(-)

Abs|actMed|Abs...


AbsMat: Fe,Pb,U


actMed: plastScin, SiDet, liqIonChamb, GasDet


(+) sep(act/pass)=>adapt°->Req, hDensMat=>compact CAL, cheap(<=passMat)


(-) ö%dE/dx detd@actMed: (10e-5@GasDet),


=>samplFluct=>

HadrInt, Typ, Typtyp?

el/inel, inter-/intraNuclCasc, Fission, NuclEvap

d

d