Descriptive Grammar Flashcards

Front 1

what does a verb's TENSE involve?

Back 1

formal marking that locates predication with respect to moment of speaking

Front 2

What are the three tenses in English?

Back 2

past, present, future (paraphrastic).

Front 3

What does the ASPECT of a verb entail?

Back 3

the way in which the predication is regarded or experienced with regard to time in general.

Front 4

what are the three aspects of the english verb?

Back 4

perfect, progressive, simple

Front 5

what inflectional form does the Progressive aspect take?

Back 5

-ing participle (present)

Front 6

what semantics are associated with the Progressive aspect?

Back 6

event regarded as ongoing and incomplete

Front 7

What is the inflectional form of the Perfect aspect?

Back 7

-ed/-en participle (past participle)

Front 8

what are the semantics of the Perfect aspect?

Back 8

event regarded as complete (but many complications)

Front 9

What is the inflectional form of the Simple aspect?

Back 9

no inflectional marking

Front 10

what are the semantics of the simple aspect?

Back 10

no specification...punctual intepretation common.

Front 11

what is the semantic quality of inchoation? (regarded aspect)

Back 11

transition of event from some nul state:

the student BECAME upset.

Front 12

What is the lexical aspect of the English verb?

Back 12

aspectual distinctions within the semantics of the individual verbs themselves.

Front 13

What is the difference between stative and dynamic verbs (as it pertains to the lexical aspect)?

Back 13

stative verbs express a state of affiars while dynamic verbs express an action or change in the world.

Front 14

What is the difference between punctual and durative verbs (as it related to the lexical aspect)?

Back 14

punctual verbs do not last in time, while durative verbs convey actions that last in some span of time:

hit, cough, hammer vs.
sleep, walk, think

Front 15

What is the difference between telic and atelic verbs as it relates to lexical aspect)?

Back 15

telic verbs have a built in terminal point which atelic verbs lack.

Front 16

What are the primary auxiliary verbs?

Back 16

Do, Be, Have

Front 17

What are the modal auxiliary verbs (as opposed to the primary)?

Back 17

can, may, should, could, can, must, might, would, will

Front 18

What do Epistemic, modal auxiliaries convey?

Back 18

possibility, probablility, necessity.

Front 19

What do Deontic, modal auxiliaries convey?

Back 19

permission, obligation.

Front 20

What are the 5 forms of the lexical verb?

Back 20

Base, -s form, present part. (ing), past, past part. (ed).

Front 21

How do you distinguish Finite verbs from Non-finite?

Back 21

Finite verbs are inflected for tense, number agreement, and/or mood.

Front 22

What are anaphoric pronouns?

Back 22

pronouns which point back to their referential NP's.

Front 23

What are cataphoric pronouns?

Back 23

pronouns which point forward to their referential NP's (less common).

Front 24

List the 10 pronounc types

Back 24

subject, object, possesive, interrogative, demonstrative, relative, universal, reflexive, partitive, predicative.

Front 25

What separates pronouns from their determinative counterparts?

Back 25

pronouns substitute for a NP, determiners modify them. (*except possessive pronouns)

Front 26

What are the three sets of partitive pronouns?

Back 26

assertive, non-assertive, negative.

Front 27

what distinguishes non-assertive partitive pronouns from the assertive

Back 27

non-assertive partitives used when Sentence is interrogative or conditional.

Front 28

What is the case of a noun?

Back 28

a marking that indicates its function in the clause.

Front 29

how many cases does English have?

Back 29

common (unmarked) and genitive (possession usually)

Front 30

what are the two forms of the genitive?

Back 30

inflected (-'s genitive) and the paraphrastic (of - genitive)

Front 31

what are the 8 semantic categories of the genitive?

Back 31

subject, object, possessive, genitive of origin, descriptive, partitive, genitive of attribute, appostive.

Front 32

How are adverbials realized structurally?

Back 32

adverb phrases, NP's, PP's, clauses with finite or non-finite verbs, verbless clauses. basically everything.

Front 33

What separates the class of adverbials known as adjuncts from the adverbial classes of conjuncts and disjuncts?

Back 33

asjuncts are more highly integrated. adjuncts work in the negative declarative. adjuncts allow negative focus/W/H questions substitute well for adjuncts.

Front 34

what separates conjuncts from disjuncts?

Back 34

dijuncts articulate some relation between speaker and clause. conjucts link clauses.

Front 35

what are the two classes of disjuncts?

Back 35

style (conditions of saying, comment on form) and attitude (speaker's comments on content of clause).

Front 36

what do focusing adjuncts do?

Back 36

limit or restrict what is said in the main clause.

Front 37

what do process adjuncts do?

Back 37

convey manner, means, or the instrument with which an action is done.

Front 38

what are the different sorts of intensifier adjuncts?

Back 38

emphasizers, amplifiers, downtoners.

Front 39

what is the difference between amplifying and emphasizing adjuncts?

Back 39

emphasizers push up the scale of what you know about the action conveyed while amplifiers simply boost the predication. emphasizers are needed to obtain more meaning.

Front 40

what are the possible misc. adjuncts?

Back 40

purpose or source

Front 41

what are the three possible time adjuncts?

Back 41

point, duration, and frequency