Depression

Front 1

McCullough (2005)

Back 1

Found a considerable amount of overlap in symptoms, responses to treatment and other variables. This makes it difficult to justify distinct types of depression.

Front 2

Zanarini (2000)

Back 2

1 in 5 doctors disagree about a diagnosis of depression.

Front 3

Keller et al. (1995)

Back 3

Interviewed 524 depressed individuals.Each was interviewed again 6 months later. It was found that the test-retest reliability was only poor to fair.

Front 4

Karasz (2005)

Back 4

South African Americans in NYC see depression as a social and moral issue. Americans argued that it was a biological condition that should be treated by drugs.

Front 5

Harrington et al. (1993)

Back 5

The risk of depression is 20% for first degree relatives of those with depression, compared to 10% for the general population.

Front 6

Wendler et al. (1986)

Back 6

There are signifiantly higher rates of depression among the biological families of depressed individuals than among their adoptive families.

Front 7

Kendler et al. (1992)

Back 7

Link to diagnosis issues. If you look at concordance rates of depression AND generalised anxiety disorder in twins, the rate is much higher.

Front 8

Kendler et al. (1995)

Back 8

Link to sociocultural explanations. Women with a depressed twin are more likely to become depressed, especially if exposed to significant life events. Genetic vulnerability?

Front 9

Zhang et al. (2006)

Back 9

A mutant gene that results in serotonin depletion is 10 times more likely in those with depression. Link from genes to neurotransmitter dysfunction.

Front 10

McNeal and Cimbolic (1986)

Back 10

Found reduced levels of a major serotonin by-product in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed individuals.

Front 11

Delgado et al. (1990)

Back 11

A low tryptophan diet led to the return of depression in the majority of patients.

Front 12

Ruhe et al. (2007)

Back 12

Individuals with no history of depression show no mood changes in response to tryptophan depletion.

Front 13

Barnes and Prosen (1985), Bifulco (1992)

Back 13

Individuals who lose a parent in childhood are more likely than other children to experience depression in later life.

Front 14

Paykel and Cooper (1992)

Back 14

Only 10% of those who experienced early loss later became depressed.

Front 15

Brown and Harris (1978)

Back 15

Depressive episodes in women in London were almost always preceded by a major life event.

Front 16

Hammen and Krantz (1976)

Back 16

Depressed women made more errors in a logic test than non-depressed participants.

Front 17

Joiner et al. (1992)

Back 17

Depressed people have poor social skills.

Front 18

Butler and Beck (2000)

Back 18

Conducted a meta-analysis and found that 80% of individuals benefited from CBT.

Front 19

Barbui et al. (2008)

Back 19

SSRIs increase suicide attempts in adolescents, but reduce attempts in adults and the elderly.

Front 20

Kirsch et al. (2008)

Back 20

SSRIs are only effective in the most severe cases of depression.

Front 21

Geller et al. (1992)

Back 21

Fails to demonstrate the superiority of antidepressants over a placebo.

Front 22

Datto (2000)

Back 22

The side-effects of ECT include memory loss and headaches.

Front 23

Sackeim et al. (2000)

Back 23

The side-effects of ECT are reduced in unilateral treatment.

Front 24

Rapoport et al. (1998)

Back 24

Conducted a case study on a severely depressed woman. She showed a significant improvement after ECT and no suicidal thoughts. Her Beck score went from 30 to 7, and four months later was functioning normally.

Front 25

Mulsant et al. (1991)

Back 25

Conducted a meta-analysis. There was an 83% improvement when ECT was used in elderly patients.

Front 26

Elkin et al. (1985)

Back 26

CBT is not appropriate for those with high levels of dysfunctional beliefs.

Front 27

Barkham et al. (1996)

Back 27

After 12 months, those treated with PIT showed a tendency for symptoms to reoccur.

Front 28

Horvath and Bedi (2002)

Back 28

The quality of the relationship between therapist and client in PIT is a central determinant of the outcome of therapy.

Front 29

Paley et al. (2008)

Back 29

Outcomes of PIT are at least equivalent to those achieved by CBT.