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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication acquisition
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Learning words and how to use them effictively
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Grammar
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the rules of language that helps to ensure clarity
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Cognitive Language
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What you use to describe people things, and situations in your mind
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Denotative meaning
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accepted definition of a word
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Connotative meaning
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emotions or attitudal response to it
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Why are stereotypes prevalent?
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it helps us to jump to conclusions as we hate being uncertain. uncertainty reduction theory.
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Communication processing
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the means by which we gather, organize, and evaluate information we receive.
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How do we learn stereotypes?
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our brains jump to conclusions - it's our brain's way of organizing information
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Characteristics of stereotypes
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1. over generalizations
2. rigid 3. contain negative content. 4. Kernal of Truth theory 5. Self confirming 6. They do not encourage to see people as individuals |
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Perception (TEXTBOOK)
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the cognitive process that helps us make sense of the world
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encoding
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process of producing and sending a message
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decoding
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process of receiving and making sense of it
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what are the models of communication?
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1. One way model
2. Two way model 3. Helical model |
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code
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a se of symbols that creates a meaningful message
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1st era of stereotypes
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When lippman coined the terms and we realized what it was
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2nd era of stereotypes
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certain stereotypes to different groups are dangerous as they lead to prejudice and discrimination
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What are stereotypes?
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a predicative generalization about a person or situation
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control
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the influence one individual, group, or organization has over others
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Quality of communication by assessing its six characteristics
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symbols, code, encoding, decoding, channel, transactional
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One way model (transmission view)
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source sends message - through medium - to a receiver. This model is missing feedback from reciever
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symbols
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arbitrary constructions related to the people, things, or concepts to which they refer
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How is communication defined?
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"The process by which individuals use symbols, signs, and behaviors to exchange information"
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what is problematic about trying to define communication?
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communication ca be define in many ways. it's hard to define something so complicated.
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What did MARSHALL MCLUHAN say about communication?
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"The one thing in which fish are unaware of is water" meaning that we don't think about our ability to communicate - however, if we were taken away from it - we would notice
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Lockedin Syndrome
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when you are alive and stuck in your own body since you are unable to communicate anymore with limbs or speech. - Diving Bell and Butterfly example - the guy used blinking to communicate
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What is JAMES CAREY'S definition of communication?
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"Communication is the ambiance of human experience" meaning that we are constantly communicating, even when we think it isn't possible.
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goal achievement
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relying on communication to accomplish particular objectives
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affiliation
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feelings for others
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The three primary functions in communication are...
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affiliation, goal achievement, and control
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Relational Interdependence
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when we do things that affect others and vice versa
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relationships
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interconnections, or interdependence between two of more people that function to achieve some goal
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functional perspective
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examines how communication behaviors work (or dont work) to accomplish goals.
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Attribution Theory
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a lot like justification - determining the cause for something when our biases impact how we view something. when we make excuses for the outcome.
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Self Concept
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how you perceive yourself - your self concept depends highly on who you involve yourself with.
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Cultural Context
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cultural identity, how individuals view themselves as a member of a specific culture, influence communication choices
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Schema
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the way our brain organizes information - a mental filing cabinet
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Situational context
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the circumstances surrounding communication, including social environment and physical place, influence communication
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What are the three steps involved in perception
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selection, organization, interpretation
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Relational Context
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communication occurs within the context of a relationship and is influenced by relational history
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What is the textbook definition of perception?
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"Perception is a cognitive process through which we interpret out experiences and come to our own unique understanding."
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Behavior
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Observable communication
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The Competent Communication Model
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a transactional model incorporating 3 contextual spheres in which individuals communicate
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Cognitions
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thoughts communicators have about themselves
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the interaction model
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expands on the linear model by including feedback between the receiver and sender
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What are the 11 axioms of communication?
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1. one can't not communicate.
2. meanings are in people. 3. com. is irreverable 4. com is functional 5. com is learned. 6. com is a tool. 7. more com is not always a good thing 8. com is both intentional and unintentional 9. com is contextual 10. com has both content and relational meaning 1. com is a relationship |
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Qualitative communication studies
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observations, interviews, etc.
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Quantitative communication studies
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the likert scale - 1-10
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Communication skills
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behaviors that help communicators achieve their goals
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What is the Milgram Study?
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the study was looking to see if anyone will blindly obey authority figures. experiment: teacher and learner role: teacher was told to shock learner if they get answer wrong. Will they increase the shock because they are told - YES.
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True or False: Communication is ineffective when it achieves desire goals
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FALSE: It's effective.
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Helical Model of Communication
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Communicators are never in the same place twice. you can never go back to the first time you met someone as now you have knowledge about that person. communication is progressive and always evolving - ex. tornado
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Culture
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the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people
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Why is the textbook definition "deceptively simple?"
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Because there are a mass amount of ways to define communication. it is too complicated for a one sentence definition.
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True or False: communication may be intentional or spontaneous
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True
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Why was the pre modern era important?
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because this is the time of philosophy and that was important as it influenced people. all philosophers were good public speakers.
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Channel
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the method in which communication occurs
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Oratory
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the art of public speaking
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Transactional
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when you influence others while they influence you.
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What happened in the modern era?
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people became interested in how a human's brain decodes information and messages; what goes on inside one's head?
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Competent
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Communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation
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Outcome
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has to do with the product of interchange.
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Process
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measures the success of communication by considering methods by which an outcome is accomplished
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True or False: Competent communication is more outcome focused then process focused
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FALSE - it is more process focused
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Contemporary Era - 1910 - present - how does the social environment around us change our communication behavior?
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we are focused on the social environment around us in our country and worlds. Helical model represents this era. We can't go back to a situation in life before an event
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Contemporary Era - What events changed the way we behave?
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9/11, the holocaust; depression; social rights movement; WWI; Iraq war
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Ethics
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the study of morals
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True of False: Communication is appropriate when it meets the demands of the situation
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True
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Behavior Flexibility
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involves knowing and using a number of different behaviors to achieve that appropriate
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What are the 5 love languages?
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words of affirmation, quality time, acts of service, receiving gifts, physical touch
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Why do we develop slang?
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as a way to communicate to our peer groups without the outsiders knowing
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the ten stages of Knapp's relationships staircase model
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initiation, experimentation, intensifying, integration, bonding, differentiating, circumscribing, stagnation, avoidance, and terminaition
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TRUE or FALSE: The presentation of self can be more easily controlled when communicating online than in face to face encounters
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TRUE
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Self-disclosure
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sharing important information about ourselves such as a with a close friend
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fearful avoidant attachment style
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high anxiety and high avoidance. A negative view of self and others. closed off and untrusting. a low sense of self worth
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self monitoring
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the tendency to watch our environment and others in it for cues as to how to present ourselves in particular situations
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dismissing avoidant attachment style
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low anxiety & high avoidance -inflated sense of self worth. people aren't as good as your. positive view of self - views others negativiely
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self preservation
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intentional communication designed to show elements of self for strategic purpose; its how we let others know about ourselves
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We assess our communication performances and rate ourselves through the lenses of....
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self actualization, self adequacy, and self denigration
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self actualization
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high performance
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self adequacy
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adequate performance
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self degnigration
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poor performance
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Preoccupied attachment style
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low avoidance and high anxiety; low sense of self and positive view of others. taken advantage of. no confidence.
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Relational dialectics theory
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opposing forces within the same realm; opposites attract
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secure attachment style
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low anxiety and low avoidance. IDEAL. a willingness to love and a positive view of self and others
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self fulfilling prophecy
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when behavior is altered to make the prediction more likely to come true
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uncertainty reduction theory
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a universal condition in which humans don't like being uncertain in situtations
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self efficacy
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the ability to predict, based on self-concept and self esteem, one's effectiveness in a communication situation
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The four attachment styles
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secure attachment, preoccupied, dismissing avoidant, fearful avoidant
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TRUE OR FALSE: we are more willing to interact in situations where we feel we have weaknesses and our self-concept is confirmed or changed by responses of others
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FALSE - our strengths not weaknesses
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Self Esteem
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relates to our self-concept and how we feel about ourselves in a particular situation
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Family of Origin Influence Theory
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your family is the earliest and most powerful source of influence on your personality
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social exchange theory
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relationship life is like a marketplace; pros and cons of relationships; give and take; CBA
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social penetration theory
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the idea that all relationships follow a predictable pattern. most relationships will go through the same things.
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Social comparison theory
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when we compare ourselves against idealized images in the mead often to our own disadvantage
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Self concept
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who we think we are
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appreciative listening
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listening for enjoyment; getting pleasure from it. listening to music.
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cultural myopia
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the failure to see beyond our own beliefs and circumstances
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empathetic listening
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what we all strive for - puts you in the shoes of another person. listening to figure out how they are feeling
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diversity
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the variables that make use unique
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critical listening
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trying to understand and explore the logic and reason from speaker. trying to poke holes in someone's argument
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Interaction appearance theory
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how people change their perception of someone's appearance as they spend more time together
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informational listening
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listening to understand something. to get info from someone or something
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4 kinds of listening
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informational listening, empathetic listening, critical listening, appreciative listening
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self serving bias
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attributes to our own failure to external causes
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5 steps involved in listening process
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select, attend, understand, remember, respond
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fundamental attribution error
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our tendency to assume that another person's wrong behavior is due to an internal flaw (such as blaming them)
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Linguistic relativism
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the belief that speakers of different languages have different views of the world
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Linguistic determinism
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the idea that language is going to determine how we see the world around us
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what are the two parts of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Linguistic determinism and linguistic relativism
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Schemas present 3 challenges that derail good communication
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mindlessness, selective perception, and undue influence
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mindlessness
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passive, automatic response that many be inaccurate
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selective perception
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allowing bias to influence thought
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undue influence
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giving other sources too much to say
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functions of a language
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as a means of control; to share info; to express feelings; to express creativity; as ritual
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mindfulness
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helps us focus on the communication process
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schemas
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mental structures we use to connect bits of info together
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how to counteract stereotypes as perceptual barriers. 4 ways
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be mindful, consider multiple identities, expand your perspective, deconstruct your schemas
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TRUE OR FALSE: Because we are constantly bombarded with information in any situation, we must sift through it all to determine what is important and what to remember
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TRUE
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Mimicry
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can enhance immediacy if perceived as sincere
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immadiacy
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a feeling of closeness
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nonverbal cues are used in ___________ or coordinating verbal interaction
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regulating
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Contradicting behavior
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with nonverbal communication; when you convey the opposite of your verbal message
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nonverbal cues can be used for ______ or replacing words
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substituting
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Channel Discrmpency
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when words and actions don't match and nonverbal behaviors are more likely to be believed than verbal ones
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nonverbal communication
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the process of signaling meaning through behavior other than words. spontaneous, unintentional, and ambiguous meaning.
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Language ______, _______, and _______ context.
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reflects, builds on, and determines
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nonverbal codes
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symbols we use to send messages without or in addition to words
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deceptions
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when there is an attempt to use nonverbal behaviors to convince others something is false
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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suggests that our words influence our thinking
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some communication situations may cal for abstractions such as...
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evasion; equivocation; euphemisms
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evasion
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avoiding sepcifics
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equivocation
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using unclear terms
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euphemisms
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using substitutions for terms that might be upsetting
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seven primary facial expressions that are inborn and recognizable across all cultures.
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sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, and happiness
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Kinesics
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the way gestures and body movements send various messages
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emblems
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movements with direct verbal translations in specific group or culture
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illustrators
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visually reinforcing behaviors
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regulators
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interaction management cues
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adaptors
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unconscious release of bodily tension
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affect displays
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indications of emotion
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Three ways to improves your perceptions
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verify them, be thoughtful, look beyond first impressions
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language
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the system of symbols we use to communicate and think about experiences and feelings
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symbols
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words that have meanings agreed to by speakers of a language
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nonverbal communication reinforces verbal communication in 3 ways...
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repeating, complementing, and accenting
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repeating
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mirroring the verbal message
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complementing
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reinforcing the verbal message
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accenting
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emphasizing a part of the verbal message
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we use different ______________ to find the most effective language for a given situation
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speech repertoires
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masking
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a facial management technique whereby we replace an expression of a true feeling with one appropriate for a given interaction
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TRUE OR FALSE: we use language to create and reflect the context of a relationship
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TRUE
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Syntactic rules
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rules about how placement of words in a sentence
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phonological rules
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rules about how words should be pronounced
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4 important aspects of informing
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questioning, describing, reinforcing, and withholding
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questioning
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a crucial step in comm. that we learn at a young age - when you're hungry for info
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describing
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helps us find out about our world and communicate our world to others
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reinforcing
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information aspect of competent listening - to confirm comprehension
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withholding
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what not to reveal - requires maturity
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slang
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a group's informal language
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jargon
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a groups technical language
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semantics
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refers to the meaning that words have
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pragmatics
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refers to the ability to use them approprately
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accomodation
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changes we make to our language to adapt to another person's communication style
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TRUE OR FALSE: we ignore individuals differences when we place gender, ethnic or other role labels on people
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TRUE
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Oculesics
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the study of the use of eyes in comm. settings.
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Biased Language
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language that has subtle meanings that influence perception
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politically correct language
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language that is an attempt at neutrality
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profanity
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words and expressions that are considered insulting, disrespectful, rude, or vulgar
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civility
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language that meet socially appropriate norms
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Territoriality
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the claiming of an area with or without legal basis by regular occupation of the area
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Proximics
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the study of the way we use and communicate with space
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intimate space
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0-18 inches away
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personal
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18 inches to 4 ft
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social
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4-12 ft
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public
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12ft +
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Artifacts
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accessories used for decoration and identification that offer clues who we are
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Haptic
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the study of touch as a form of communication
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functional professional touch
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used to perform job
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social-polite touch
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polite acknowledgment
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friendship warmth touch
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affection between people who know each other
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love-intimacy
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romantic partners
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sexual arousal
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intimacy through intercourse
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chronemics
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the study of how people perceive use of time
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time orientation
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a personal associate with time
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contact cultures
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cultures that are likely to communicate with touch
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noncontact cultures
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may even tend to avoid touch
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back channel cues
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vocalizations that signal vocally but nonverbally that you do or don't want to talk
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paralanguage
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how we pause, the speed and volume of our speech, and the inflections we use are vocalized in nonverbal messages
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pitch
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vocal variation that gives prominence to words and symbols
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tone
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vocal modulation that expresses felling and moods
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volume
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how loud or soft words are spoken
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vocalizations
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paralinguistic cues that give information about the speaker's emotional or physical state, such as laughing or crying
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high language
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formal language
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soft language
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slang
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mediated communication
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when capitalization, bold-face, terms and emoticons are used as nonverbal cues
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TRUE OR FALSE: gender influences communication with behaviors traditionally associated with femininity, such as smiling over perceived as weak
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TRUE
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public private dimension
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the physical space that affects or nonverbal communication
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formal-informal dimension
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more psychological
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hearing
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the physiological process of perceiving sound
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listening
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the process of recognizing, understanding, and interpreting the message
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friendship (textbook def.)
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" A friend is a close and caring relationship between two people that is perceived as mutually satisfying and beneficial."
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six important characteristic of friendship
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- Availability
- Caring - Honesty - Trust - Loyalty - Empathy |
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Agentic friendship
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- relationship that begins based on joint activities
- characterized by independences - limited to certain activities - (drinking friends, class friends, work friends) - you don't do things with them outside activity |
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Communal friendship
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- develop through convenience or personal attraction
- characterized by mutual responsibilities, obligations and loyalty - someone you spend a lot of time with |
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Granovetter’s work (1973)“The strength of weak ties”
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- weak ties are the most valuable
- creates a bridge to other social networks - people you have weak ties with can help you more in career |
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The Forbidden (or “unlikely”) Triad
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A has strong tie with B
A has strong tie with C B had weak tie with C |
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active listening
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involves making choices about selecting, attending, and so on and is more competent then passive listening
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we improve listening skills by focusing on the voluntary parts of the process: (5 steps)
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selecting, attending, understanding, remembering, responding
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selecting
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choosing one sound over others
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attending
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focusing on the message or sound
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understanding
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making sense of the message
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remembering
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recalling information
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responding
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giving feedback
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listening fidelity
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the degree to which the thoughts of the listener agree with the intentions of the source of the message following their communication
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people oriented listeners...
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listen with relationships in mind
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action oriented listeners
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focus on tasks
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content oriented listeners
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carefully evaluate what they hear
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time oriented listeners
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prefer information that is clear and to the point
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TRUE OR FALSE: Most people develop only one listening preference
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FALSE - Multiple
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Interpersonal relationships
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the interconnections between two individals
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interpersonal communication
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the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two people who are influenced by their partner's messages
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relational network
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web of relationships
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love
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a deep affections for another person with varying degrees of passion, commitment, and intimacy
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intimacy
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closeness and understanding
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social informational processing theory
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virtual relationships develop much like those that grow from face to face contact but that the process of them takes longer to become more intimate
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hyperpersonal communication
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when online relationships have the potential to develop even more personal and intimate relationships than face to face ones
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inclusion
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a need to share our lives with others
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proximity
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nearness
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rewards
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what makes you feel good about the relationships
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costs
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are aspects of the relationships that upset you
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passive strategies
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involve observing others without actually inteacting
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active strategies
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involve seeking information from a third party
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interactive stategies
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communicating directly with another person
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communication privacy management theory
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how people perceive information they hold about themselves and how they disclose it
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boundary turbulence
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when violations occur in a relationship that make it necessary to readjust the disclosure versus privacy
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strategic topic avoidance
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used to maneuver the conversation away from topics that make people feel vulnerable
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attraction-similarity hypothesis
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suggests that the extend to which we project ourselves onto another person is the direct result of the attraction we feel for that person
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matching hypothesis
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positing that we seek relationships with others who have comparable levels of attractiveness
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genetic-similarity hypothesis
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argues that two individuals who hail from the same ethnic group are more genetically similar than two individuals from different ethnic groups
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social exchange theory
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explains this process of balancing the advantages and disadvantages of a relationship
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extrinsic rewards
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the external advantages you gain from association with another person
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instrumental rewards
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the resources and favors that partners give to one another (living together to save on rent and utilities)
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intrinsic rewards
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personally satisfying rewards that result from an exchange of intimacy (for example, intellectual stimulation or feelings of safety)
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initiating stage of relationship
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when you first make contact with another person
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exploratory stage of relationship
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seeking relatively superficial information from your partner - small talk
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intensification stage of relationship
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when the partners become more intimate and move their communication toward more personal self-disclosures. pet names and discussing things as "we"
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stable stage of relationship
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their relationship is no longer temporary. they have a great deal of knowledge about each other and have realistic expectations
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integrating stage of relationship
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becoming one - when people treat you as a pair.
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bonding stage of relationship
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when two partners share formal symbolic messages with the world that their relationship is important
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declining stage of relationship
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when the relationship starts to come apart
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what are the three factors that lead to the declining stage in a relationship?
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uncertainty events, interference, and unmet expectations
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uncertainty events
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events or behavioral patterns that cause uncertainty in a relationship
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interference
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timing, disagreements about things, differences
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unmet expectations
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when people have different expectations for the relationship in which the other partner can't meet
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repair tactics
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changing behavior, interactions, or expectations to try to save the relationship
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termination stage of relationship
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the end of a relationship
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passing away of relationship
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the gradual fading of the relationship.
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sudden death of relationship
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abrupt and for at least one person - unexpected.
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reconciliation of relationship
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a repair strategy for rekindling an extinguished relationship.
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spontaneous development
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when the partners wind up spending more time together
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third-party mediation
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when the partners have a friend or family member mediate the reconciliation
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high affect
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when the partners resolve to be nice and polite to one another and possible remind each other of what they found attractive about the other in the first place
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tacit persistence
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when one or both partners refuse to give up on the relationship
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mutual interaction
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when the partners begin talking more often following the dissolution, vowing to remain friends after breakup
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avoidance
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the partners avoid spending time together and begin to miss each other
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