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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the random events theory?
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Theory that says DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations. As these accumulate, cell repair and replacement becomes less efficient, and abnormal cancerous cells are often produced.
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What is the wear and tear theory of aging?
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the body wears out from use. But no relationship exists between physical activity and early death.
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What is the cross-linkage theory?
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tissue becomes less elastic -- leads to less flexibility in skin and other organs, clouding of the lens in the eyes, clogging of arteries and damage to kidneys
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What is the genetically determined theory of aging?
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aging genes control biological changes like menopause, gray hair, etc..
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What are free radicals and why are they relevant to aging?
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One probable cause of age-related DNA and cellular abnormalities is the release of free radicals - naturally occuring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presensce of oxygen.
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What are the physical changes that take place in early adulthood?
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Heart and lung systems: show few changes except during physical exertion. Gradual muscle loss, immune system etc..
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Do any changes occur for heart functioning for healthy adults? If so, under what conditions?
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For healthy individuals, the hearts ability to meet the oxygen requirements under typical conditions does not change during adulthood. Only during stressful exercise does heart performance decline with age - a change due to a decrease in maximum heart rate and greater rigidity of the heart muscle.
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What changes occur in the immune system and why??
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The capacity of the immune system declines after age 20 partly due to changes in the thymus, which is largest during the teenage years, then shrinks until it is barely detectable by age 50. As a result, production of thymic hormones is reduced, and the thymus is less avle to promote full maturity and maturation of T cells.
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What changes occur in Reproductive capacity?
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reproductive capacity declines with age, It is due largely to reduced number and quality of ova.
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What is atherosclerosis?
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One of the most serious diseases of the cardiovascular system, in which heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collect on the walls of the main arteries.
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In terms of motor performance, at what ages does athletic skill peak?
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Many athletic skills peak between ages 20 and 35.
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What factor is responsible for the reduction of heart disease during the last 15 years?
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Mainly due to a decline in cigarette smoking, to improved diet and exercise among at-risk individuals and to better medical detection and treatment of high blood pressure and cholesterol.
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What factor contributes to the loss of efficiency of one’s immune system as we age?
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Due to the thymus shrinking until it is barely detectable by the age of 50 and as a result the thymus is less able to promote full maturty and differentation of t cells. Sine the immune system interacts with the nervous and endocrine system things like psychological stress can weaken the immune system.Also divorce, caring for an ill aging parent, sleep deprivation and chronic depression can also reduce immunity. And physical stress like pollution, allergies, and poor nutrition.
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What are some of the causes AND consequences for obesity (think both physical and non physical consequences)?
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Heredity makes some people more prone to obesity. The decline for physical labor makes people more sedantary and the increase in the amount of calories consumed as well as fat and sugar. Between the ages of 25 and 50 the bmr declines which also increases our weight. Excess weight causes serious health problems, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and many other forms of cancer. They also suffer discrimination.
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What factors are responsible for the obesity epidemic?
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availability of cheap commercial fat and sugar. - portion super sizing. - Increasingly busy lives - declining rates of physical activity
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What are some real world consequences for obese individuals (think about social or occupational consequences, not physical ones)
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Obese individuals face social discrimination. They are less likely to find mates, be rented apartments, receive financial aid for college, or be offered jobs. They also report frequent mistreatment by family members, peers, co workers, and health professionals.
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What is the most important cause of an age related drop in fertility?
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The reduced number and quality of ova.
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What are the benefits of regular exercise for young adults?
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Reduces body fat, builds muscle, fosters resistance to disease, enhances the immune system, has many mental health benefits - reduces anxiety, depression and improves mood.
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What cultural group of people in the United States are at highest risk of hypertension/heart disease?
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African Americans
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What demographic and other factors are related to disease and health?
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low ses, poverty, low income, all are also responsible.
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How does cigarette smoking exert its hazardous effects?
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The ingredients of cigarette smoke - nicotine, tar, carbon, monoxide and other chemicals leave their mark on the body. As smokers inhale, oxygen delivery to tissues is reduced, and heart rate and blood pressure risel. Over time, exposure to toxins and insufficient oxygen result in damage to the retina of the eye, skin abnormalities, including premature aging, poor wound healing and hair loss.
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What results from long term oxygen deprivation due to smoking?
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result in damage to the retina of the eye, skin abnormalities, including premature aging, poor wound healing, and hair loss, a decline in bone mass, a decrease in reserve ova and earlier menopause in women, and a reduced sperm count in men aswell as sexual impotence in men. .
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What results from chronic alcohol use?
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Does widespread physical change. Best known complication is liver disease, also linked to cardiovascular disease, inflammation of the pancreas, irritation of the intestinal tract, bone marrow problems, disorders of the blood joints, and some forms of cancer.
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What are the most commonly abused substances in the United States?
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cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption
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How is culture related to the prevalence of alcoholism?
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cultures where access to alcohol is carefully controlled and viewed as a sign of adulthood, dependancy is more likely, which could explain why more college students drink than non college students. Also poverty and hoplessness promote alcoholism.
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What are the most successful treatments for alcoholics?
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The most successful treatments combine personal and family counseling, group support, and aversion therapy ( use of medication that produces a physically unpleasant reaction to alcohol such as nausea and vomiting.)
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What personal experience makes it more probable that rape survivors will blame themselves?
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A woman who has a history of sexual abuse or hwo received negative feedback after trying to blame someone.
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