Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
define mental retardation |
significantly below average general intellectual functioning, limitations in at least 2 skill areas... before 18, IQ lower than 70 |
|
|
what are some causes of mental retardation |
can be genetic (downs, PKU), non genetic (trauma, meningitis, infection, rubella) or due to the childs environment/ malnutrition, depravation of emothion |
|
|
what are the levels & adaptive functioning in regards to mental retardation? |
mild IQ 50-70... moderate 35-55... severe 20-40... profound <20 |
|
|
what are the most common types of mental retardation |
mild & moderate (mild IQ 50-70 & moderate 35-55) |
|
|
during mild retardation what can you expect from the patient |
IQ 50-70... simple skills, short memory, praise for progress, teach & demonstrate OH care |
|
|
during moderate retardation what can you expect from the patient |
IQ 35-55, 2nd grade level, live in group setting, review hygiene EVERY visit, short attention & memory span, poor hand & finger coordination |
|
|
during severe retardation what can you expect from the patient |
IQ 20-40... elementary level, group home, rewards for hygiene, learn by repitition |
|
|
during profound retardation what can you expect from the patient |
IQ <20... incapable of self care, supervision required, caregiver responsible for hygiene, oral hygiene not priority |
|
|
what are some characteristics of a mental retarded person |
less physical stamina, poor OH, inability to concentrate, better with manual skills, aggressive, self injury, imitation, self injurious behavior |
|
|
what are some oral manifestations of a mental retarded person |
large lips, bruxism, TMJ, attrition, lip & cheek biting, perio disease, heavy biofilm |
|
|
where is decay more common... in noninstitutionalized or institutionalized patients? |
noninstituationalized... institutionalized patients are monitored more |
|
|
what are some modifications to treatment when treating a mentally retarded patient |
individualized, firm yet gently, go back to their accomplishments, minimize distractions, short explanations, simple language, tell-show-do, positive reinforcement |
|
|
what is down syndrome? |
chromosomal abnormality (occurs before birth), 3 types (trisonomy 21, translocation, mosaicism) |
|
|
what is the life expectancy for a down syndrome patient |
60 years old |
|
|
there is an increased risk of down syndrome when there is an increase in ______ age |
maternal |
|
|
during down syndrome the patient is at an increased risk to what other conditions |
congenital heart defects (especially articular valve heart defect), respiratory problems, hearing issues, alzheimer's, childhood leukemia & thyroid disorders |
|
|
what is trisonomy 21 |
a type of down syndrome, failure of chromosome 21 to split (leaves you with 3 chromosomes instead of 2.... 47 chromosomes total), not inherited, most common (95%) |
|
|
what is translocation |
type of down syndrome where a piece of chromosome 21 breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, hereditary, 4-5% of cases, occurs after conception |
|
|
what is mosaicism |
type of down syndrome where there is an error in the 1st cell division after conception, 1% of cases |
|
|
what the physical characteristics of downs syndrome |
Flat facial appearance, Eyes slanted upward, Shortened head span fromanterior to posterior- Head short & broad, head is short, overweight, maxilla small, mandible large, palate narrow, missing teeth, over jet, cross bite, caries, tongue & palate protrude |
|
|
what are the IQ ranges for a downs syndrome patient |
20-85 |
|
|
what are some medical concerns for downs syndrome patients |
50% have heart defects, compromised immune system, orthopedic problems, hypothyroidism, ENT issues, cataracts, tear duct abnormalities, Alzheimer's |
|
|
during treatment of a downs syndrome patient the patient may be ____ & enjoys _____, if they are confused they become ______. |
happy & enjoys music... if confused they are aggressive |
|
|
what are some dental hygiene concerns when treating a downs syndrome patient |
enlarged tonsils & tongue-- gag reflex/ chair position... orthopedic problems-- clear path.. cannot control facial muscles |
|
|
tourette syndrome |
inherited, neurological disorder, multiple involuntary rapid movements & uncontrollable vocalizations ("tics") |
|
|
true/ false the cause of tourette syndrome is unclear |
true... studies link abnormal metabolism of brain & neurotransmitters (dopamine & seratonin) |
|
|
what are some behavior characteristics of a tourettes patient |
tics, vocal, OCD, ADHD, impulse, sleep disorder |
|
|
what medications may be given to a tourette syndrome patient |
antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antianxiety |
|
|
what are some oral effects that may be seen in patients with tourettes due to medications |
gingival enlargement, hyposalivation, tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movement of lips/ tongue/ face) |
|
|
ADHD affects patients age ____ and under |
12 and under |
|
|
ADHD is characterized by |
impulsivity, inattention & motor restlessness |
|
|
what are some oral habits of an ADHD patient |
nail biting, chewing on objects, bruxism, dyskinesia, oral injuries |
|
|
what are some oral side effects that can be caused from ADHD medications |
xerostomia, gingivitis, glossitis, discolored tongue, bruxism, dysphagia, dysgeusia, sialadentitis, stomatitis |
|
|
what is dysphagia |
difficulty/ discomfort during swallowing |
|
|
what is dysgeusia |
decreased sense of taste |
|
|
what is sialadenitis |
inflamed salivary glands |
|
|
what is stomatitis |
inflamed mucous membranes |
|
|
what are some treatment modifications for the ADHD patient |
meds, morning appointments, involve patient, tell-show-do, reinforce home care, short appointments |
|
|
what are some common things an adult with ADHD will do |
substance abuse, smoking, excessive caffeine, but compliant with hygiene care |
|
|
what is autism |
severely impairs ability to communicate or interact with others, neurobiological disorder, unusual brain development... rigid routine/ repetitive behaviors |
|
|
during what age does autism develop |
2-3 |
|
|
true/ false During treatment of an autistic patient music is suggested to help calm the patient |
false... too much noise & movement disturbs autistic patients |
|
|
what are the 3 staples of autistic patients |
communication, repetitiveness, inaffective social interaction |
|
|
what are some oral findings with an autistic patient |
low food choices, food pouching, erosion, increased caries, self injury |
|
|
what treatment modifications should a dental hygienist make when treating an autistic patient |
am appt, have everything ready, avoid lots of words, rewards, visual aids, quiet environment, each appt should be same day & time |
|
|
cerebral palsy is the ____ most common impairment in childhood |
2nd |
|
|
cerebral palsy |
inability to control movement caused by damage to the motor areas of the brain |
|
|
cerebral palsy happens before birth or during delivery, it can be caused by many factors... name some factors |
infection of mother, blood type incompatibility, nutritional problems, endocrine imbalance, maternal diabetes, anoxia, meningitis, infections, lead poisoning, trauma |
|
|
During cerebral palsy the symptoms are observed during the ____ year after birth or they may not appear for several years |
1st |
|
|
what are some characteristics of cerebral palsy |
tense muscles, uncontrolled movements, poor coordination, muscle spasms, lack of manual dexterity, communication problems, epilepsy, mental retardation |
|
|
Athetosis in cerebral palsy patients make them them the most difficult dental patients to treat, what is athetosis |
slow, writhing movements, constant involuntary movements... occurs in 15-20% of cerebral palsy patients |
|
|
___% or fewer of cerebral palsy patients also have mental retardation and _____% of cerebral palsy patients suffer from seizures |
50% are mentally retarded, 30% have seizures |
|
|
when treating a cerebral palsy patient they go into a tonic labyrinthine reflex... what happens to their body? how can you stop this? |
their head tilts back, neck loses support, their arms & legs extend and stiffen..... bring arms forward, separate legs, massage shoulders |
|
|
how can you prevent a tonic labyrinthine reflex from occurring when treating a cerebral palsy patient? |
keep head supported, position chair upright, hands folded at midline |
|
|
when treating a cerebral palsy patient they go into an asymmetric tonic neck reflex... what happens to their body? how can you stop this? |
their head turns to 1 side away from the midline, their arm & leg on the same of the tilted head extend & the opposite arm & leg reflex... place their face in the midline, flex extended arm & leg |
|
|
how can you prevent an asymmetric tonic neck reflex from occurring when treating a cerebral palsy patient? |
use rear operating position, stabilize head in midline position |
|
|
what are some oral problems seen in cerebral palsy patients |
abnormal lip, tongue & cheek functions, can't open mouth, malocclusion, open bite, mouth breathing, enamel hypoplasia, trauma, bruxism, caries, perio disease |
|
|
what are some dental hygiene considerations when treating a cerebral palsy patient |
may need anesthesia or sedation, involuntary movements, muscle relaxants, repeat instructions, be ready for emergencies (seizures), dysarthria, use mouth prop (bite & gag reflex) |
|
|
dysarthria & dysphasia are seen in cerebral palsy patients... define dysarthria & dysphasia |
dysarthria is slurred speech, dysphasia is a language disorder |
