Dental Hygiene Boards- Blood Disorders, Renal Disease, Adhd

Front 1

ADHD is _______________.

A. a life-long neurodevelopmental disorder

B. characterized by poor impulse control, hyperactivity and inattentiveness

C. a constellation of behaviors that impairs school activities and social interaction

D. the most common behavior disorder in school-aged children

E. All of the above.

Back 1

E. all of the above

Front 2

All of the followingregarding ADHD are true EXCEPT:

A. Data indicate 11% of US children are diagnosed with ADHD

B. The reported male-to-female ratio ranges from 3:1 to 9:1.

C. Children with ADHD come from all socioeconomic and cultural levels.

D. It is more prevalent in girls than boys.

Back 2

D. It is more prevalent in girls than boys... it is most prevalent in males

Front 3

The symptoms of ADHD becomeexacerbated by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Demands for complex performance.

B. Intake of caffeine.

C. Stress

D. Unstructured group situations.

Back 3

B. Intake of caffeine.

Front 4

Heredity accounts forapproximately _____% of the cases of ADHD.

A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D. 80

Back 4

D. 80

Front 5

The person affected withADHD has a higher propensity to exhibit all of the following EXCEPT: A. Increase risk of drug/alcohol usage.

B. Increased incidence of chewing on pens and pencils.

C. Have children affected with ADHD.

D. Decreased incidence of respiratory infections. E. Increased caries risk.

Back 5

D. Decreased incidence of respiratory infections.

Front 6

Other possible causes ofADHD could include _______________.

A. prenatal exposure to smoke, lead or alcohol

B. prematurity

C. intrauterine growth retardation

D. All of the above.

Back 6

D. All of the above.

Front 7

Comorbid conditions include_______________.

A. oppositional defiant disorder

B. conduct disorder

C. anxiety disorder

D. Tourette's Syndrome

E. All of the above.

Back 7

E. All of the above.

Front 8

The most common type of ADHD is the _______________.

A. primarily inattentive type

B. primarily hyperactive type

C. combined inattentive and hyperactive type

D. None of the above.

Back 8

C. combined inattentive and hyperactive type

Front 9

To make a diagnosis ofADHD, which of the following is (are) considered?

A. Presence of multiple symptoms.

B. Symptoms pose impairment in life situations. C. Symptoms are not better accounted for by another diagnosis.

D. All of the above.

Back 9

D. All of the above.

Front 10

Management of the ADHDchild could include _______________.

A. behavioral and/or psychological therapy

B. medicinal intervention

C. family support groups

D. manipulation of the environment to promote success

E. All of the above.

Back 10

E. All of the above.

Front 11

Approximately _____% ofthose diagnosed ADHD take medications which alleviate symptoms associated withADHD.

A. 10 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75

Back 11

D. 75

Front 12

Many of the medicationsused to treat ADHD will cause the following side effects:


1. An increase in bloodpressure.


2. Difficultyswallowing.


3. Loss of feeling on thetongue.


4. Glossitis.


5. Ulcerations on the buccalmucosa.

A. 1, 2 and 3

B. 1, 2 and 4

C. 2, 3 and 4

D. 1, 3 and 5

E. All of the above.

Back 12

B. 1, 2 and 4

Front 13

The following substance(s)is (are) often utilized by those diagnosed with ADHD to improve cognitiveabilities and increase attention:

A. Cigarettes

B. Candy

C. Caffeinated beverages

D. Both A and C.

E. All of the above.

Back 13

D. Both A and C.

Front 14

Those affected with ADHDeat less frequently than the general population. This decreases theircarbohydrate exposures and decreases their risk of caries.

A. True B. False

Back 14

B. False

Front 15

Although considered minor,all of the following physical abnormalities have been reported with thosediagnosed with ADHD EXCEPT:

A. Missing labial frena

B. Geographic and fissured tongue

C. Steep palatal vault

D. Irregular, crowded, or malformed teeth

E. Enlarged head circumference

Back 15

A. Missing labial frena

Front 16

The ADHD patient is more atrisk for oral traumatic injury because they _______________.

A. have a higher propensity to be involved in automobile accidents

B. are more likely to suffer abuse from a parent than the general population

C. are more likely to exhibit risky behavior with bicycles than the general population

D. All of the above.

Back 16

D. All of the above.

Front 17

The xerostomic effects ofmedications increase the ADHD patient's risk of developing dental caries.

A. True B. False

Back 17

A. True

Front 18

The following are suggestedto assist the ADHD patient in daily brushing:

A. Utilized mechanical brushers with quadrant pacers.

B. Suggest a home reward system for cooperative behavior.

C. Provide colorful stimulating educational materials that reinforce brushing.

D. All of the above.

Back 18

D. All of the above.

Front 19

The best time to schedulean ADHD patient for a dental appointment is ____________.

A. 9:00 am

B. 12:00 noon

C. 4:00 pm

D. during a drug holiday

E. during a rebound period

Back 19

A. 9:00 am

Front 20

The following must beconsidered when utilizing local anesthesia on an ADHD patient:


1. Do not utilize epinephrineon these patients.
 2. Utilize epinephrine withcaution.


3. Utilize an aspiratingsyringe.


4. Attempt to attain profound anesthesia to avoid the release of endogenousepinephrine.


5. Alwaysutilize a 27 gauge needle.

A. 1, 3, 4 and 5

B. 2, 3, 4 and 5

C. 2, 3, and 4

D. 1, 3 and 5

E. 4 and 5

Back 20

C. 2, 3, and 4

Front 21

When dental hygiene care plans are prepared for pre– orpost–solid organ transplant recipients, there are:

A. Clear-cut guidelines based onthe American Heart Association Guidelines

B. Universal guidelines, dependingon which organ is transplanted

C. No universal guidelines

D. Guidelines based on cause ofdisease

Back 21

C. No universal guidelines

Front 22

What is the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)?

A. An organization that establishesevidence-based practice guidelines

B. A scientific organizationdedicated to researchC. An educational organization thattries to advance the concept of artificial organs

D. The organization that maintains the nation's onlyOrgan Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)

Back 22

D. The organization that maintains the nation's only Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)

Front 23

The majority of pre-transplant candidates are people livingwith _____ disease.

A. Heart

B. Kidney

C. Liver

D. Lung

Back 23

B. Kidney

Front 24

ESRD is an acronym for _____ disease.

A. End-stage respiratory

B. Early-stage renal

C. Emergency-stage renal

D. End-stage renal

Back 24

D. End-stage renal

Front 25

All of the following reflect examples of The National KidneyFoundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Guidelines thataddress chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other possible medical and relatedconditions except one. Which one is the exception?

A. Anemia and Chronic KidneyDisease

B. Diabetes in Chronic KidneyDisease

C. Oral Health and Chronic Kidney Disease

D. Cardiovascular Disease inHemodialysis patients

E. Nutrition

Back 25

C. Oral Health and Chronic Kidney Disease

Front 26

Signs and symptoms of CKD include all of the followingexcept one. Which one is the exception?

A. No change in urine output

B. Fluid retention

C. Fatigue

D. Urticaria

Back 26

D. Urticaria

Front 27

In persons with CKD, anemia and bone metabolism disordersbecome more common in stage:

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

E. 5

Back 27

C. 3

Front 28

Hemodialysis is a method of dialysis treatment in which theclient's blood is cleansed:

A. Through the peritoneal lining ofthe stomachB. A few ounces at a time while pumped through a specialfilter

C. Using a chemical detoxifyingagent

D. Using heat

Back 28

B. A few ounces at a time while pumped through a special filter

Front 29

All of the following are special precautions taken by thedental hygienist with persons on hemodialysis except one. Which one is theexception?

A. Obtain a medical consultationand clearance before dental care.

B. Never take blood pressurereadings in the dialysis access arm.

C. Determine need for antibioticpremedication before invasive dental procedures.

D. Always use antibiotic premedication before an invasivedental procedure that can cause bacteremia.

Back 29

D. Always use antibiotic premedication before an invasive dental procedure that can cause bacteremia.

Front 30

Peritoneal dialysis is usuallyperformed in which of the following by patients?

A. Hospital

B. Dialysis center

C. Home

D. Urgent care center or emergencyroom

Back 30

C. Home

Front 31

Peritoneal dialysis is a method of dialysis treatment inwhich the patient's:

A. Peritoneum is cleansed

B. Blood is cleansed through the peritoneal cavity

C. Blood is cleansed a few ouncesat a time through a special filter

D. Blood is replaced withtransfused donated blood

Back 31

B. Blood is cleansed through the peritoneal cavity

Front 32

All of the following are special precautions taken by thedental hygienist with persons on peritoneal dialysis except one. Which one isthe exception?

A. Receive medical clearance.

B. Never take blood pressure readings in the dialysisaccess arm.

C. Consider delaying or modifyingtherapy if heparin has been administered in the previous 24 hours.

D. Determine need for antibioticpremedication before invasive dental procedures.

Back 32

B. Never take blood pressure readings in the dialysis access arm.

Front 33

The most prevalent cause of ESRD is which of the following?

A. Diabetes

B. Hypertension

C. Hyperparathyroidism

D. A & B

Back 33

A. Diabetes

Front 34

Secondary medical conditions are defined as:

A. Conditions that are a result of a ripple effect thatoccurs as a result of another condition

B. Comorbidities

C. Risk factors for disease

D. Risk indicators for disease

Back 34

A. Conditions that are a result of a ripple effect that occurs as a result of another condition

Front 35

Patients diagnosed with renal disease have a _____ fold(times) greater risk of cardiovascular disease.

A. Fifty to sixty

B. Ten to One Hundred

C. Two

D. Five to six

Back 35

B. Ten to One Hundred

Front 36

Oral manifestations of anemia include all of the followingexcept one. Which one is the exception?A. Pallor of the oral mucosa

B. Calcifications in veins and arteries

C. Glossitis

D. Angular stomatitis

Back 36

B. Calcifications in veins and arteries

Front 37

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a serious complicationaffecting the:

A. Thyroid gland

B. Kidneys

C. Nephrons

D. Parathyroid gland

Back 37

D. Parathyroid gland

Front 38

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is treated with any of thefollowing except one. Which one is the exception?

A. Dietary modifications withregard to phosphorus

B. Activevitamin D

C. Phosphorus binders

D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Back 38

D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Front 39

Signs of secondary hyperparathyroidism may be evident ondental radiographs as which of the following?

A. Loss of trabecular pattern

B. Loss of lamina dura

C. Radiopaque lesions in soft tissue

D. Artifacts (calcium deposits) onthe film

Back 39

C. Radiopaque lesions in soft tissue

Front 40

To cope with long-term xerostomia, patients with ESRD may becorrectly advised to do all of the following except one. Which one is theexception?

A. Suck on a lemon and drink plenty of fluids.

B. Use a saliva substitute asneeded.

C. Suck on a button tied to astring.

D. Use xylitol-containing gum andmints four to five times daily.

Back 40

A. Suck on a lemon and drink plenty of fluids.

Front 41

In post–solid organ transplant recipients,immunosuppression:

A. Is greatest immediately after transplant surgery

B. Is greatest 1 year aftertransplant surgery

C. Is greatest 6 months aftertransplant surgeryD. Never changes; it must always behigh

Back 41

A. Is greatest immediately after transplant surgery

Front 42

Post–solid organ transplant recipients often experience allof the following conditions except one. Which one is the exception?

A. Candidiasis

B. Latent herpetic infections

C. Squamous carcinomas

D. Osteonecrosis of the mandible

Back 42

D. Osteonecrosis of the mandible

Front 43

Immediately after organ transplant, only emergency Dentalcare is recommended. In the eventtreatment is needed post-transplant, there is no need to receive medicalclearance as it is an emergency

A. Both statements are true

B. Both statements are False

C. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

D. The first statement isfalse. The second statement is true.

Back 43

C. The first statement is true. The second statement is false.

Front 44

Why should dentalprocedures NOT be completed on the day of hemodialysis?

Back 44

becauseheparin used in hemodialysis, decreases the ability of the blood to clot.

Front 45

why should anti-inflammatory pain killers be used with caution in patients with decreased kidney function? what are some examples

Back 45

Mayreduce blood flow to the kidneys or cause a direct toxic effect on the kidneyscausing acute kidney failure... Celebrex,Advil, Voltaren, Indocid

Front 46

why should meperidine be used with caution in patients with decreased kidney function? what is the brand name for meperidine

Back 46

Hasa toxic breakdown by-product that can build up causing seizures, twitches,tremors.... Demerol

Front 47

why should probenecids be used with caution in patients with decreased kidney function? what is the brand name for probenecids?

Back 47

Not effective inpatients with kidney function(GFR<30mL/min)... Benuryl

Front 48

how many white blood cells is considered the normal production in one day in a healthy patient

Back 48

100 billion WBCs/ day

Front 49

a temporary disorder that affects the production of WBCs is ?

Back 49

chemo or and infection

Front 50

a long term disorder that affects WBC production is

Back 50

leukemia or bone marrow problems

Front 51

what is granulocytopenia

Back 51

rapid falling of WBC levels

Front 52

what are some symptoms of granulocytopenia

Back 52

· Development of infected ulcers in the mucousmembranes that line the mouth, throat &/or intestinal tract· Difficulty swallowing due to irritation &pain· Chronic infections of the gums

Front 53

what is leukopenia

Back 53

decrease in # of WBCs (fewer than 4-5,000 uL)

Front 54

in what conditions may leukopenia occur

Back 54

infections & intoxication of bone marrow

Front 55

what is lymphocytopenia

Back 55

low # of lymphocytes

Front 56

what occurs in the body that would cause the lymphocytes to be produced in a low amount (lymphocytopenia)

Back 56

the body doesn't make enough lymphocytes, the body makes enough but they're destroyed, or the lymphocytes get trapped in the spleen or lymph nodes (can be a combo of any of the above) or from a viral infection

Front 57

how can you treat acquired lymphocytopenia

Back 57

gamma globulins made from donated blood with antibodies

Front 58

how can you treat hereditary lymphocytopenia

Back 58

bone marrow transplant

Front 59

what is leukocytosis

Back 59

increase in # of WBCS (>10,000mm3)

Front 60

what causes leukocytosis

Back 60

infectious states, inflammatory conditions, trauma, exertion or leukemia

Front 61

what is the major cause of leukocytosis

Back 61

leukemia

Front 62

what is neutropenia

Back 62

less than 1,500uL neutrophils

Front 63

during neutropenia the lower the amount of neutrophils the higher the risk of _______

Back 63

infections

Front 64

what is agranulocytosis

Back 64

malignant neutropenia, destruction of bone marrow, sharp drop in WBCs, rapid acute illness, eventually death, genetic or acquired

Front 65

during agranulocytosis, what changes may you see in the oral cavity

Back 65

painful oral ulceration & necrotic tissue

Front 66

if you bleed into soft tissues & joints what will it cause?

Back 66

pain & swelling

Front 67

if you bleed into the muscle what will it cause

Back 67

pain

Front 68

during blood capillary abnormalities the blood vessels are _____. what can cause this type of bleeding disorder?

Back 68

blood vessels are fragile... severe infection, drug reaction and scurvy (vitamin c deficiency)

Front 69

during a platelet deficiency the number of platelets is ______. what can cause this type of bleeding disorder?

Back 69

# of platelets is lowered... bone marrow depression (leukemia or megaloblastic anemia)

Front 70

what is platelet dysfunction? what is caused by?

Back 70

interference leading to prolonged bleeding... causes by aspirin, von Willebrands disease & uremia

Front 71

a blood clotting defect is caused by the deficiency of vitamin ____. what are the clotting proteins associated with this defect?

Back 71

vitamin K, clotting proteins are II, VII & X which vitamin K are necessary for formation

Front 72

what does the prothrombin time do?

Back 72

check for bleeding problems, also called INR (international normalized ratio)

Front 73

if a patient is taking warfarin what is the first thing you do ?

Back 73

check INR

Front 74

define hemophilia

Back 74

congenital blood clotting disorder, severe spontaneous bleeding into the muscles, joints & tissues, no cure, 2 types (A & B)

Front 75

true or false

hemophilia is most common in males

Back 75

true

Front 76

what are other names for hemophilia A

Back 76

factor VIII (8) deficiency, classic hemophilia

Front 77

what is the most common form of hemophilia, hemophilia A or B?

Back 77

hemophilia A is 85% of cases

Front 78

what is another name for hemophilia B

Back 78

christmas disease, factor IX (9) deficiency

Front 79

what is von williebrands disease

Back 79

a deficiency in von williebrands factor, prolonged bleeding with normal platelet counts

Front 80

if a person who has a hemophilic disease gets cut, will they have a problem?

Back 80

no small cuts are rarely a problem

Front 81

if a person who has von williebrands disease gets cut, will they have a problem?

Back 81

yes it can effect their bleeding when cut

Front 82

what are some symptoms of von williebrands disease

Back 82

sometimes theres no symptoms... bleeding gums, excessive bleeding after extraction, frequent nosebleeds, easily bruised, excessive bleeding from a cut

Front 83

thrombocytopenia

Back 83

deficiency in # of platelets, used to describe any reason platelet levels drop, usually a result of another disorder

Front 84

what are some dental considerations for a patient with thrombocytopenia?

Back 84

if BP is low... patient may faint, excessive bleeding, petechiae, hematomas on tongue & palate

Front 85

if a patient has a bleeding disorder what are some treatment modifications we should know

Back 85

start supra, if hematoma develops use ice pack and call MD, no aspirin, no block injections, may have increase in caries & perio, soft tissue changes, lowered resistance to infection, abnormal bleeding

Front 86

what is blood made of

Back 86

erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), 10% plasma, 90% water, 1% platelet

Front 87

red blood cells are also known as

Back 87

corpuscles

Front 88

what do red blood cells do

Back 88

transport hemoglobin, carry oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) to tissues

Front 89

true/ false

red blood cells contain nuclei

Back 89

false red blood cells have no nuclei

Front 90

what are some white blood cells

Back 90

granulocytes & agranulocytes

Front 91

what do white blood cells do?

Back 91

destroy bacteria, produce antibodies against bacteria & viruses, help fight malignant disease

Front 92

platelets

Back 92

1/4 size of RBCs, no nucleus, clotting

Front 93

define anemia

Back 93

reduction in hemoglobin, hematocrit or # of RBCs... causes reduction in oxygen to tissues

Front 94

what are some clinical characteristics of anemia

Back 94

pale thin skin, weakness, dyspnea, headache, vertigo, tinnitus, dimness of vision, spots before eyes, brittle nails

Front 95

define iron deficiency anemia

Back 95

deficient hemoglobin, RBCs smaller than normal

Front 96

iron deficiency anemia is more common in _______ & _______

Back 96

young people & females

Front 97

what causes iron deficiency anemia

Back 97

malnutrition, chronic infection, increased demand for iron (pregnancy), chronic alcoholism, chronic blood loss (excessive menstrual flow, bleeding internally)

Front 98

what are some signs & symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

Back 98

weakness, headache, pallor, fatigue

Front 99

what are oral symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

Back 99

pale mucosa, tongue changes (loss of filiform, smooth, shiny), irritated mucosa, angular cheilitis, increased risk of candidiasis

Front 100

during iron deficiency anemia what types of vitamins may help cure the deficiency

Back 100

vitamin c & folic acid

Front 101

define megaloblastic anemia

Back 101

Abnormallylarge RBC’s, oval shaped, 2 types (pernicious anemia & folate deficiency anemia)

Front 102

what vitamin deficiencies cause megaloblastic anemia

Back 102

B12, folate or both

Front 103

what 2 vitamins are essential in RBC production in bone marrow

Back 103

vit B12 (cobalamin) & B9 (folate)

Front 104

pernicious anemia is caused by vitamin ___ deficiency

Back 104

b12 cobalamin

Front 105

what age group is most likely to develop pernicious anemia

Back 105

over 40 years old

Front 106

what are some signs, symptoms & oral manifestations of pernicious anemia

Back 106

fatigue, weakness, numb fingers & toes, palaptions, CNS problems --> (difficulty walking, confusion) and atrophic glossitis

Front 107

how do you treat pernicious anemia

Back 107

B12 injections 2 times per week, once its controlled b12 injections monthly

Front 108

what foods should a patient with pernicious anemia include in their diet

Back 108

liver, meat, kidney, fish, oysters, clams, milk

Front 109

what are some causes of folate deficiency anemia

Back 109

inadequate diet, pregnancy, disseminated cancer, cancer tx

Front 110

what can folate deficiency anemia cause during birth

Back 110

neural tube defects, spina bifida

Front 111

what diet sources contain vitamin B9 folate, which could help a folate deficiency anemic patient

Back 111

fruits, leafy green veggies, liver, kidney, dairy, whole grains

Front 112

what are some signs, symptoms & oral manifestations of folate deficiency anemia

Back 112

fatigue, weakness, numb fingers & toes, palpations, atrophic glossitis

Front 113

define sickle cell anemia

Back 113

defective hemoglobin molecule, erythrocytes become deoxygenated, has a "sickle" shape

Front 114

what nationality is most likely to be effected by sickle cell anemia

Back 114

african americans & mediterranean

Front 115

during sickle cell anemia symptoms show up at ____ old & could ______ the development of a child

Back 115

6 months old... can impair development

Front 116

what is the acute & chronic versions of sickle cell anemia

Back 116

acute- sickle cell crisis & chronic- severe hemolytic anemia

Front 117

what is the hematocrit rands & life span of a RBC during severe hemolytic anemia (chronic)

Back 117

hematocrit range 28-30%, RBCs last 10-15 days when a normal life span is 90-120 days

Front 118

what is a sickle cell crisis, in what age is this most common?

Back 118

acute attack when RBCs block small BVs that carry blood to your bones, occurs most during childhood & adolescence

Front 119

what causes a sickle cell crisis

Back 119

viral/ bacterial infection, dehydration, change in temp, physical activity, stress/ anxiety

Front 120

what are symptoms of a sickle cell crisis

Back 120

pain in extremities, head, back,chest & abdomen, Could last hours or days, Looks like seizure or stroke, Effects reversible, Could be fatal, High mortality rate in young children, systemic changes in any organ system

Front 121

what organ is most affected by sickle cell anemia

Back 121

kidney

Front 122

what are some radiographic findings of sickle cell crisis

Back 122

decreased radiodensity , increased osteoporosis, coarse trabecular pattern, bone loss, thin border of mandible

Front 123

what are some oral findings of sickle cell crisis

Back 123

pale tissues, jaundice (from liver disease), perio involvement can lead to crisis, perio disease, delayed eruption, malocclusion, dentin hypo mineralization, facial & dental pain

Front 124

what are some important hygiene considerations for patients who suffer from sickle cell crisis

Back 124

no tx during crisis, pre med, no epinephrine, greater than 50% oxygen when giving nitrous, give good oral hygiene instructions

Front 125

define polycythemia

Back 125

increase in # of RBCs, hemoglobin & hematocrit levels raised, 3 types (relative, primary & secondary)

Front 126

define relative polycythemia, what causes it?

Back 126

rise in erythrocytes, reduced plasma, caused by fluid loss, smoking, HBP, overweight

Front 127

what are relative polycythemia patients at risk for

Back 127

cardiovascular event

Front 128

define primary polycythemia

Back 128

"poly Vera"... actual increase in RBC count, bone marrow abnormality, no oxygen transport to tissue

Front 129

what are some oral symptoms of primary polycythemia

Back 129

deep purple/ red gums, Enlargedgingiva—bleeds easily, Petechiae,ecchymosis, hematoma formations

Front 130

define secondary polycythemia, what causes it

Back 130

"erythrocytosis"... increase in # of RBCs, caused by hypoxia (smoking, high altitudes, pulmonary disease)

Front 131

define thalassemia

Back 131

overactive bone marrow, decrease in hemoglobin & RBCs, increased susceptibility to infection

Front 132

if you have mild thalessemia how can you treat it ? if you have severe thalessemia how can you treat it?

Back 132

mild- no treatment, severe- transfusions

Front 133

blood transfusions to treat thalessemia may cause an _____overload, which can lead to _____ failure. what can you do to prevent this?

Back 133

iron overload, leads to cardiac failure... take a med to reduce iron (causes grey colored skin)

Front 134

what are signs of thalassemia

Back 134

seen at a young age, fatigue, weakness, jaundice, pale, bony

Front 135

what are some oral manifestations of thalassemia

Back 135

malocclusion (in severe forms), enlarged tongue, fast growth of jaw, spaces between teeth

Front 136

what are some dental hygiene considerations when dealing with a patient who has thalessemia

Back 136

tx soon after blood transfusion, short appointments, monitor ortho carefully (teeth move faster than normal, emphasis good oral hygiene