Dental Histology Exam 2 Digestive Organs , Respiratory Organs

Front 1

liver

Back 1

largest grandulae organ
2% of body weight

Front 2

stroma of liver contains

Back 2

glissons capsules - thin CT layer on the surface of the liver

Front 3

hapatic lobule of the liver

Back 3

found inside liver arranged around blood vessels & the bile duct – hexagonal structure – at each angle there is a portal area

Front 4

Portal area/ Portal Triad/ Portal Canal

Back 4

– at each corner of the hexagon of the hepatic lobule; three stuctures in these protal areas:
 branch of the bile duct surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelial cells
 branch of the hepatic artery
 branch of the portal vein

Front 5

parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) of the hepatic lobule

Back 5

liver cell contained outside of the liver sinusoid – usually lined in cords – cuboidal shaped cell – contain microvilli on the surface pointing into the sinusoid – contains glycogen, fat, and smooth & rough ER; paranchymal end = business end

Front 6

sinusoides are ______ lined

Back 6

endothelial lined - simple squamous

Front 7

space of disse

Back 7

perisinusoidal space (goes around the sinusoid) – where the cytoplasm of the hepocyte microvilli project into

Front 8

lipid and glycogen aounts depend on

Back 8

meal intake in the sinusoide

Front 9

bilary canals of the hypatic lobule

Back 9

expansion of the extracellular space lining the side opposite of the sinusoid – touches its neighboring cell side

1- bile canaliculi
2-bile duct

Front 10

bile canaliculi

Back 10

in the center of the side that touches its neighbors (lateral border of cell) – contains zonula occludens – diamonds-shaped membrane bound channels that connect to the branch of the bile duct in the portal area – these carry bile made by the liver...tight junctions keep the bile from entering the blood stream… canaliculi join together to form a lattice that joins with the bile duct

Front 11

bile duct

Back 11

where the bile drains into from the liver to bring bile to the gallbladder for storage…lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 12

______ % of the blood in the liver comes form the _______

Back 12

75, portal vein

Front 13

vasculature of the hepatic lobules

Back 13

blood flows from portal area → into sinusoids (venous & articular blood mix in the sinusoids from the portal vein & hepatic artery – 75% venous & 25% arterial mix (require less oxygen than most cells)) → into the central vein → hepatic vein drains the organ; the sinusoids here are discontinuous (fenestrations) to allow rapid transport of material from the cell & the sinusoids are lined by simple squamous epithlium

Front 14

kupffer cells

Back 14

phagocytic cells derived from blood monocyte that live in the lining of the wall of the hepatocyte, it has more lysosomes

Front 15

anatomical and funcitonal unit of of the livers hepatic lobule

Back 15

the 6-sided shaped structure of the hepatic lobule – center has central vein & each corner has portal area – blood flows from the outside of the lobule to the center of the lobule –OUTSIDE – IN – hepatocytes are arranged in cords inside of the lobule & the sinusoids run in between the cord of hepatocytes…bile flows inside to out

Front 16

anatomical and functional unit of the livers portal lobule

Back 16

Triangular connection from three adjacent central veins of three adjacent hepatic lobules – shows how bile is connected from the outside in…blood flow is opposite

Front 17

physiological unit of livers hepatic acinus

Back 17

the cells furthest from the blood drain differently from those closer to the central vein – oval shaped configuration where each of the tips are located at a central vein – these can be choped up in three zones from closest from the blood to farthest from the blood

Front 18

cells in zone 1 of the acinus

Back 18

store fat & glycogen 1st(store more nutrients, get higher concentration of oxygen making them more metabollically active),

Front 19

cells in zone 2 of the acinus

Back 19

do the same as zone 1

Front 20

cells in zone 3 of the acinus

Back 20

detoxify drugs and alcohol before zones I & II (Zone I drains blood 1st because blood goes from the portal area 1st then to the central vein)

Front 21

function of the liver

Back 21

over 500

 -Exocrine – makes a product (bile) 10% and resorbs 90% from portal vein & dumps it into a gland
 -Endocrine – makes plasma proteins like albumin & carrier proteins for hormones like steroid hormones since these need help being transported into the cell; fibrinogen, prothrombin, lipoprotiens
 -Metabolic cholesterol synthesis, fat & glycogen storage, steroid hormone breakdown, & drug detoxification (cirrhosis)

Front 22

general organization of the tubular organs

Back 22

-tunica mucosa
-tunica submucosa
-tunica muscularis
-tunica adventitia/serosa

Front 23

tunica mucosa of the tubular organs

Back 23

1. Epithelium – varied types of epithelium – MORE THAN JUST A PROTECTIVE LAYER
2. Lamina propria – can see folds and perhaps lymph nodules – these are seen from oral to anal canal – entire GI tract – loose CT….lymph nodules, glands, folds(microvilli)
3. Muscularis mucosae – two layers of smooth muscle that separate lamina propria from submucosa– contraction moves the mucosa (villi) when needed

Front 24

tunica submucosa of the tubular organs

Back 24

dense irregular connective tissue containing large blood vessels & organized glands (mainly mucous secreting)

Front 25

meissner's plexus

Back 25

autonomic ganglion in tunica submucosa – smaller than Aurbach’s – feed submucosa (entire GI tract)

Front 26

tunica muscularis of the tubular organs

Back 26

2 or 3 layers of (skeletal, smooth or skeletal-smooth muscle)
i. Inner circular and outer longitundinal (2 layers)
ii. Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal (3 layers)

Front 27

auerbach's plexus

Back 27

autonomic ganglion important in contraction of smooth muscle (peristalsis) – in entire GI tract

in the tunica musculairs

Front 28

tunica adventitia /serosa of the tubular organs

Back 28

layer of CT (retroperitoneal – is only adventitia, but if it is intraperitoneal – it has a serosa that consists of 2 parts – CT & simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium – this is only part of the serosa))

Front 29

mesothelium

Back 29

simple squamous epi compnenet of the tunica serosa

Front 30

esophagus tunica mucosa

Back 30

layer of CT (retroperitoneal – is only adventitia, but if it is intraperitoneal – it has a serosa that consists of 2 parts – CT & simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium – this is only part of the serosa))

Front 31

papillae

Back 31

projections of the fold to anchor epithelium to underlying CT - increase surface area like villi

Front 32

tunica submucosa of the esophagus

Back 32

contain large folds & mucous glands

Front 33

tunica muscularis of the esophagus

Back 33

inner circular layer & outer longitudinal layers w/ AUERBACH’S PLEXUS SANDWICHED BTWN THE 2 LAYERS
a. upper esophagus – both layers are all skeletal
b. middle esophagus – mix of both skeletal & smooth muscle
c. lower esophagus – both layers are smooth muscle

Front 34

tunica adventitia / serosa

Back 34

mesothelium is simple squamous epi

Front 35

function of the esophagus

Back 35

organ that carries food from the oral cavity to the stomach – no digestion, but there is heat exchange – this is the reason for the numerous capillaries – mucos glands lubricate esophagus for food & mucous glands also buffer food contents

Front 36

stomach general structural organization

Back 36

1. cardiac & pyloric regions of the stomach are similar
2. fundus & body regions of the stomach are similar

Front 37

tunica mucosa of the stomach has _______ which are mushroom-shaped areas on the rugae

Back 37

gastric areas

Front 38

tunica mucosa of the stomach has ________ which are crevaces & holes in between gastric areas – epithelial-lined area

Back 38

gastric pits

Front 39

tunica mucosa of the stomach has ______ whic are epithelial-lined gland the pit runs into that extends the depth of the tunica mucosa

Back 39

gastric glands

Front 40

surface epithleial cells of the stomach

Back 40

simple columnar epithelial cell that rests on the basal lamina and lines the gastric pit & gastric glands – contain short microvilli & junctional complex to be anchored to neighbors – prevents material from directly going from lumen to CT – contains mucos granules because these cells make mucous – the pit & the gland are supported by the lamina propria

Front 41

fundus/ body of the stomach has _________ that are very long ,glands are ~4X as long as the pits; sudivisions of the gastric glands: (1:4 ratio)

Back 41

glandular epithelum

Front 42

surafce epithelium in the isthmus of the body/ fundus of the stomach are ______

Back 42

simple columnar epithelium

Front 43

parietal cells of the body/ fundus of the stomach

Back 43

unique cells that stain pink/red – filled w/ mitochondria & the cell surface is not even & smooth – has indentations called intercellular cannaliculi – makes HCl & gastric intrinsic factor – has a foamy appearance due to its canaliculi

Front 44

intracellula canaliculli

Back 44

(microvilli) increase surface area of the parietal cell so it can make hydrochloric acid

Front 45

gastric intrinsic factor (GIF)

Back 45

made in stomach by parietal cell to bind vitamin B12

Front 46

hydrochloric acid

Back 46

(pH 1 to 3) made by parietal cell to break down food

Front 47

neck of the body/fundus of the stomach has

Back 47

1 parietal cells – same as in the isthmus
2 mucous neck cells – miniature goblet cell – makes mucous

Front 48

base ( close to muscularis mucosa) of the body /fundus of the stomach has

Back 48

1 parietal cells – same as in the isthmus & neck of the gland
2 chief cells – only at the base of the gland – pyramidal-shaped cell that stains blue due to the abundance of RER – so it makes proteins, specifically pepsinogen

Front 49

pepsinogen

Back 49

protein from chief cells that is invovled in the digestion of protein- Pepsin is from pepsinogen when in contact with HCl

Front 50

cardias/ pylorus of the stomach glandular epithelium

Back 50

gland depth is about equal to the depth of the pit (Ratio 1:1), so the glands in the fundus/body region are longer – gland epithelial cells are not specific, but they resemble mucos neck cells – once again – glands & pits are surrounded & supported by lamina propria

Front 51

tunica submucosa of the caridac / pylorus of the stomach

Back 51

makes the rugae

Front 52

rugae

Back 52

folds of the submucosa – like the gastric folds are folds of the mucosa

Front 53

tunica muscularis of the cardiac/ pyloris of the stomach 3 layers

Back 53

a oblique layer (angular oriented)
b. circular layer (involved in the sphincters of the pylorus)
c. longitudinal layer – Auerbach’s plexus is located between the circular & longitudinal layers

Front 54

tunica serosa of the cardiac/ pylorus of the stomach

Back 54

CT and mesothelial layer

Front 55

functoin of the stomach

Back 55

1. Receives food from esophagus
2. Food is stored & fluid is added
3. protein digestion in chief cells
4. HCl to help w/ some protein digestion
5. gastric intrinsic factor made to help w/ vitamin B12 absorption in intestines
6. stomach is neuronally & hormonally activated
7. emptying of the stomach is a slow release of the lumenal contents so digestion can occur adequately

Front 56

general structural organization of the small intestine

Back 56

Duodenum – from stomach – medium plicae circularis – where digestion occurs
Jejunum – large plicae circularis
Ileum – to cecum – small plicae circularis

Front 57

tunica mucoas of the small intestine

Back 57

intestinal crypts (glands)
villi
peyers patches

Front 58

intestinal crypts

Back 58

the glands that villi lead into – very short as compared to the stomach

Front 59

villi

Back 59

fingerlike projections off of the plicae circularis – each villus has a core of lamina propria – each villi leads into an intestinal gland

Front 60

peyers patches

Back 60

looks like grass w/potatoes – potatoes are lymph nodules, grass is villi – collection of lymph nodules in the ileum

Front 61

epithelium of the small intestine in the tunica mucosa

Back 61

absorptive cells
goblet cells
lymphocytes

Front 62

absorptive cells of the epithelium of the tunica mucosa of the small intestine

Back 62

– simple columnar cell w/junctional complexes to prevent food from getting to lumen to underlying surfaces

Front 63

microvilli

Back 63

many of these on top of absorptive cells – maximize surface area – contain glycocalyx

Front 64

striated border

Back 64

collection of the microvilli

Front 65

glycocalyx

Back 65

glycoprotein & glycolipid layer on the surface of microvilli of absorptive cells (traps enzymes &antibodies)

Front 66

goblet cells of the epithelium of the tunica mucosa of the small intestine

Back 66

secrete mucous – seen near striated border of tunica mucosa

Front 67

lymphocytes of the epithelium of the tunica mucosa of the small intestine

Back 67

from the lamina propria – migrate through basement membrane & the junctional complex opens up for these – seen in the middle of the tunica mucosa in between absorptive cells

Front 68

glandular epithelium of the tunica mucosa of the small intestine

Back 68

(1) Absorptive, goblet, lymphocytes – contain these also
(2) Paneth cells – seen at the bottom of the glands – contain an antibacterial substance called lysozyme
lysozyme – substance that is an antibacterial agent

Front 69

tunica submucosa of the small intestine

Back 69

plicae circulares – large folds of the small intestines
Brunner's glands – in the duodenum only – collection of these in the submucosa – mucous-producing gland that neutralizes the acidic pH of the stomach so that the enzymes of the pancreatic ductcan function – don’t function in acidic conditions – THERE ARE NO MUCOUS-SECRETING GLANDS ASSOCIATED W/ THE ILEUM & JEJUNUM

Front 70

tunica muscularis of the small intestine

Back 70

2 layers – inner circular layer & outer longitudinal layer – both smooth muscle

Front 71

tunica adventitia/ serosa of the small intestine

Back 71

serosa in 1st duodenum, jejunum, & ileum – adventitia 2nd-3rd parts of duodenum

Front 72

function of the small intestine

Back 72

function for absorption (due to numerous folds) & to an extent, the neutralization of the acidic pH from the stomach, also, the glycocalyx functions in immunology – one of the first hormones discovered was found in the GI tract

Front 73

large intestine - colon general organization

Back 73

look at pic on hand out

Front 74

tunica mucosa of the large intestine

Back 74

a. Epithelium – few if any undeveloped microvilli because absorption is not occurring – simple columnar epithelial cell lines both the surface & the glands – glands are long & stright
(1) Absorptive cells – few microvilli – no absorption
(2) Goblet cells – numerous - has the highest ratio of goblet cells to epithelial cells – function for lubrication for feces

Front 75

tunica submucosa of the large intestine

Back 75

– folds are not “true” – not made by submucosa – made by haustra coli, lymph nodules are found here, because they are found every where in the GI tract

Front 76

tunica muscularis of the large intestine

Back 76

2 layers – both smooth muscle – inside circular layer & outside longitudinal layer called teniae coli

Front 77

tenia coli

Back 77

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in tunica muscularis that is a highly organized concentration of tunica muscularis – abnormal – usually undeveloped

Front 78

tunica adventitia / serosa of the large intestine

Back 78

both are present

Front 79

function of the large intestine

Back 79

very little digestion occurs here, but water & electrolytes are absorbed in the large intestine & a little hormonal activity & lubrication by goblet cells

Front 80

two divisions of the respiratory system

Back 80

- conducting division
- respiratory division

Front 81

conducting division of the respiratory system

Back 81

air conducting tubes that connect the exterior of the body to the respiratory por¬tion of the lungs.

Front 82

structure of the conducting division

Back 82

a. Nose
b. Nasopharynxd
c. Larynx
d. Trachea
e. Bronchi – Extrapulmonary (outside the lung)
f. Bronchi - Intrapulmonary
g. Bronchioles
h. Terminal bronchioles

Front 83

function of the conduction division

Back 83

a. Warms and moistens air - conchae of nasal cavities
b. Traps pollutants in nasal cavity (mucus coating)
c. Removes dust
d. Carries O2 to the lungs and CO2 out of the lungs

Front 84

respiratory division of the respiratory system

Back 84

where exchange of gases between blood and air takes place.passageway where exchange of gases between blood and air takes place.

Front 85

structures of the respiratory division

Back 85

1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar Ducts
3. Alveolar sac
4. Alveoli

Front 86

pleural cavity compossed of _____ and ______ layers

Back 86

visceral , parietal

Front 87

hilus

Back 87

portion of the lung that major structures enter and leave the substance of the lung i.e., pulmonary artery and vein and primary bronchus

Front 88

lobes of the lungs

Back 88

inferior , superior, middle

Front 89

broncho - pulmoanry segments

Back 89

can be removed w/o collapse of the lungs
1. surgical designation
2. Tertiary bronchi and air passageways beyond, as well as surrounding connective tissue, blood
vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

Front 90

pulmonary and secondayr lobule

Back 90

Bronchiole and all passageways beyond including the surrounding con¬nective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
(1) bronchiole
(2) terminal bronchiole
(3) respiratory bronchiole – 1st place gas exchange can occur
(4) alveolar ducts
(5) alveolar sacs

Front 91

primary lobule

Back 91

functional unit of the lungs
Composed of the passageways of the respiratory division including the surrounding connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
(1) respiratory bronchiole
(2) alveolar ducts
(3) alveolar sacs

Front 92

trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

Back 92

thin wall semi=rigid lined by a mucous membrane; submucosa contains glands; lumen held open by cartilage rings located in the adventitia; posterior wall of trachea contains trachealis muscle.

Front 93

tunica mucosa of trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

epithelium, lamina propria , elastic layer

Back 93

a. Epithelium – pseudostratified columnar epithelium – ciliated w/ goblet cells – resting on the thickest basement mbrn in the body
b. Lamina propria – loose CT w/ lymphocytes & such involved in anti-inflammatory response
c. Elastic layer – elastic membrane replaces the muscularis mucosa

Front 94

submucosa of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

Back 94

contains seromucous glands

Front 95

adventitia of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

Back 95

composed of 16 -20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings covered by perichondrium (incomplete posteriorly) appositional growth and trachealis muscle(smooth muscle)

Front 96

function of the trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi

Back 96

1. Glands – located in the back by the smooth muscle & tracheal muscle – Goblet cells – mucous secretions traps pollutants, serous secretions forms a film of fluid in which the cilia beat
2. Cilia – beat toward oral cavity; away from the lungs

Front 97

bronchial tree

Back 97

all have cartilage in their wall
1- intrapulmonary (rimary, secondary, tertiary bronchi, and maller bronchi )
2- bronchioles
3- terminal bronchioles

Front 98

Intrapulmonary primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi and smaller branches have

Back 98

1. Epithelium – still pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia & goblet cells
Lamina Propria
2. Muscularis mucosa – this is present here instead of the elastic layer – there is a true muscular layer of smooth muscle
3. Submucosal glands – seromucous glands that are in the submucosa region
4. Adventitia – hyaline cartilage plates

Front 99

tertiary and smaller bronchi have

Back 99

(artery associated) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium-with goblet cells and cilia
Smooth muscle
Scattered small, seromucous glands
Scattered small plates of hyaline cartilage

Front 100

bronchioles have

Back 100

1 mm in diameter
(a) irregular shaped lumen
(b) simple ciliated epithelium – epithelial change to a combination of simple columnar & simple cuboidal, but still ciliated unless smokers – goblet cells present
(c) loss of sero-mucous glands
(d) loss of cartilage plates

Front 101

terminal bronchioles have

Back 101

0.5 mm no avelolar sticking out
(a) smooth circular lumen
(b) change in epithelium to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium w/ cilia (maintain cilia to keep the mucus from draining to smaller structures)
(c) loss of goblet cells
(d) no sero-mucous glands
(e) no cartilage

Front 102

respiratory bronchiole

Back 102

0.5 mm
1. change in epithelum to ciliated & non-ciliated simple cuboidal– last place of resipratory tree w/ cilia
2. *****first appearance of alveoli*********

Front 103

alveolar ducts

Back 103

1. thin walled passage with numerous outpocketings
2. "drumsticks" because of smooth muscle – form the duct
3. change in epithelium to simple cuboidal & simple squamous – non-ciliated

Front 104

alveolar sacs

Back 104

where the alveolar ducts end – there are no drumsticks in the sacs
1. terminal end of respiratory passages
2. 3-5 alveoli
3. "spikes", loss of smooth muscle – no more drumsticks – spiked instead
4. change in epithelium to only simple squamous – this type of epithelium is found where exchange is taking place

Front 105

lining wall of the alveoli

Back 105

type 1 pneumocytes
type 2 pneumocytes
alveolar phagocytes (dust cells)

Front 106

type 1 pneumocytes

Back 106

(squamous cell, pulmonary epithelial cell) – simple squamous epithelium lining the surface of the alveolus

Front 107

type 2 pneumocytes

Back 107

(great alveolar cell, septal cell) – produces surfactant – cuboidal like cell – foamy looking due to surfactant production

Front 108

surfactants

Back 108

produced by type II pneumocyte – gives a thin film along the surface of the alveolus to reduce the surface tension to prevent the lung from collapsing – premature babies have problems because their lungs are not producing surfactant so their alveoli are closed, making it difficult to breath

Front 109

alveolar phagocytes ( dust cells)

Back 109

lung macrophages derived from blood monocytes

Front 110

alveolar pores

Back 110

allows for equalization of pressure within the alveoli by distribution of air through the pores

Front 111

blood air barrier

Back 111

Structures which must be crossed for gaseous exchange in the lungs – first structure to pass through on the alveolar side is the type I pneumocyte then through the pneumocyte’s basement mbrn – there is a shared basement mbrn of the type I pneumocyte & the endothelial cell. So, it passes through:
1) Type I pneumocyte
2) Basement mbrn (fused laminae)
3) Endothelium of capillary

Front 112

tpye 2 ans dust cells are not present in the _______

Back 112

blood air barrier