Dental Histology: Connective Tissues Dr.b

Front 1

CT includes everything EXCEPT

Back 1

epithelium
muscle
nerve

Front 2

Connective tissue arises from what type of cells?

Back 2

mesoderm

Front 3

name the active cell type found in CT

Back 3

fibroblasts

Front 4

T or F: Fibroblasts are coded to make only one type of protein

Back 4

False: Fibroblasts are gentically coded to make a protein, it can switch and make something different

Front 5

how many protein types can active fibroblasts secrete?

name them:

Back 5

3

1. collagen (mostly secreted)
2. reticulin
3. elastin

Front 6

where is fibrous tissue located in th body?

Back 6

can be found everywhere

Front 7

an undifferentiated, dedicated mesoermal cell that can secrete any of the proteins; limited stem cell

Back 7

mesenchymal cell

Front 8

retired, inactive fibroblast that can be called back to duty and become active if new protein secretions are needed (ex. injury)

Back 8

fibrocyte

Front 9

what are the 4 types of fibrous tissue?

Back 9

1. regular
2. irregular
3. dense
4. loose

Front 10

how are the fibers arranged in irregular loose CT?

where could you find it on the body?

Back 10

very little collagen, lots of space for extra

lower arm

Front 11

what is the arrangement of dense irregular CT?

where coul you find it on the body?

Back 11

alot of collagen packed randomly; not alot of sponge

hard palate/attatched gingiva

Front 12

what is the arrangement of loose regular CT?

where could you find it on the body?

Back 12

NO SUCH THING AS LOOSE REGULAR!

Front 13

What is the arrangement of regular CT?

Back 13

linear sheats

found in tendons and ligaments

Front 14

what is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

Back 14

tendons attatch muscle to bone

ligaments attatch bone to bone

Front 15

what is the major difference between reticulin and collagen?

Back 15

reticulin is thinner and not as abundant as collagen

Front 16

what type of reticulin tissue makes up the framework/foundation for tissues and organs (support, think 2x4's)

Back 16

reticulin

Front 17

this fibrous tissue is similar to collagen but has the ability to stretch and revert back to it's original shape; gives tissue memory (ex. skin)

Back 17

elastin

Front 18

does cartilage contain blood vessels?

Back 18

nope

Front 19

all CT develops from these types of cells

Back 19

mesenchymal cells

Front 20

T or F: chodroblasts and fibroblasts are fond within the same tissue

Back 20

True

Front 21

the active cell responsible for secretion of hyaline protein

Back 21

chondroblast

Front 22

name the 3 types of cartilage

Back 22

1. elastic
2. fibrocartilage
3. hyaline

Front 23

this type of cartilage contains hyaline with alot of elastin (ex. ear)

Back 23

Elastic

Front 24

this cartilage type contains hyaline with alot of collagen
(ex. intevertebral discs; also TMJ)

Back 24

Fibrocartilage

Front 25

this cartilage type contains ALL hyaline ( ex lining bones in joints-aka: articular cartilage)

Back 25

Hyaline

Front 26

how many chondroblasts/cytes would I usually find within the lacunae in cartilage tissue? what is surrounding the lacunae?

Back 26

2

hyaline

Front 27

crystilized material that makes up teeth

Back 27

hydroxyaptite

Front 28

when cartilage grows from within the tissue, what type of growth is that caled?

Back 28

interstitial growth

(think enter: inside)

Front 29

when there's no lacunae present and the cartilage growth is on top of growth, what type of gwoth is that called?

Back 29

appositional growth

Front 30

what is the name of the layer where cartilage appositional growth occurs?

Back 30

perichondrium layer

Front 31

what is the compostion (percentage) of bone?

Back 31

67% hydroxyapatite
33% organic

Front 32

what is the composition of the "organic" portion that bones are made of?

Back 32

collagen/elastin + water

Front 33

what are the 2 types of bone?

Back 33

1. membranous
2. endochondral

Front 34

where does membranous bone arise from?

Back 34

soft tissue; no pre-exsisting cartilage

Front 35

where does endochondral bone arise from?

Back 35

pre-exsisting cartilage

Front 36

what is the active cell type that secrete osteoid protein?

Back 36

osteoblasts

Front 37

this cell type breaks down bone

Back 37

osteoclasts

Front 38

this retired, inactive cell can be called to active duty to secreted osteoid if needed

Back 38

osteocyte

Front 39

bones of the face and skull arise from this bone type

Back 39

membranous

Front 40

T of F: like cartilage bone grows by way of interstitial and appositional growth

Back 40

True

Front 41

this layer is where appositional growth occurs in bone

Back 41

periosteum

Front 42

bones gets laid down in concentric circles called?

Back 42

lamellae

Front 43

what are the 2 bone types?

Back 43

1. dense = compact
2. spongy = cancellous

Front 44

The maxilary bone is made up of dense or spongy bone?

Back 44

spongy = cancellous

Front 45

what is the bone type(s) found in the mandibular bone?

Back 45

dense on the outside (corticle plate), inside spongy/cancellous

Front 46

these spurs/spines are left over compact bone found in spongy bone

Back 46

trabeculae

Front 47

locatd in the center of an osteon, this runs the length of a bone and provides nourishment/carries waste for osteocytes

Back 47

Haversian canal

Front 48

what is INSIDE the Haversian canal?

Back 48

blood vessels (artery + vein)
and sometimes a nerve

Front 49

canals that run horizontally and provides communication between lamellae are called?

Back 49

Volkmans canal

Front 50

canals within osteon that send nourishment also carries waste to/from haversian canal

Back 50

canaliculi

Front 51

what is the most common way that bone grows?

Back 51

by way of interstitial growth

Front 52

Bone starts out as _ cartilage

Back 52

hyaline

Front 53

when we're born peristeum forms around our bones, but they aren't calcified yet except where?

Back 53

skull bones in babies

Front 54

Bone grows appositionally here at the _ _ . Growth stops and this is replaced by bone.

Back 54

Epithelial plate

Front 55

multinucleated cells who's function is to destroy bone

Back 55

osteoclasts

Front 56

osteoclasts leave a mark (depression) on bone as it destoys it called

Back 56

howships lacunae

Front 57

T or F: bone gets reabsorbed (eaten away) as pressure is put on it

Back 57

True

Front 58

T or F: when pressure is applied aborbtion of bone occurs on the ends not the outside of the bone

Back 58

False: absorbtion happens on the outside not the ends

Front 59

adipose tissue active cell

Back 59

lipoblasts

Front 60

retired adipose tissue cell that can return to active duty if needed

Back 60

lipocytes

Front 61

the protein content in serum

Back 61

albumin

Front 62

the fluid component of blood=
the cellular component=

Back 62

serum
RBC's and WBC's

Front 63

this RBC type has no nucleus, is bioconcave (donut w/o hole) and is shaped like a dumbell

Back 63

erythrocytes

Front 64

the function of erythrocytes

Back 64

carry hemoglobin

Front 65

what 3 gases do erythrocytes have an affinity for?

Back 65

o2, co2 and carbon monoxide

Front 66

what is the reason for irregular shaped RBC's in a disease like sickle cell?

Back 66

1 amino acid missing or in the wrong sequence in the gene code

Front 67

this RBC is not a real cell, its a fragment of a prexsisting one

Back 67

thrombocytes

Front 68

the function of a throbocyte is?

Back 68

a mechanical plug

aggulation: th process of platelets sticking together

Front 69

what is meant by "bleeding time"?

Back 69

the time it takes th platelets to stick together and stop a cut fro bleeding

Front 70

describe the cascasing phenomenon of clotting

Back 70

inactive factor XII becomes active and activates inactive XI which activates inactve X and so on

Front 71

bloods 12 clotting fators are found in what component of blood?

Back 71

albumin

Front 72

clotting system activatd by internal bleeding

Back 72

intrinsic

Front 73

clotting system activated by external bleeding

Back 73

extrinsic

Front 74

which of the 12 clotting factors am I missing if I have:

1. hemophilia A?
2. hemophilia B?
3. hemophilia C?

Back 74

IIX 8
IX 9
XI 11

Front 75

name the 2 types of WBC's

Back 75

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Front 76

the 3 types of granulocytes

Back 76

Neutrophils, Basophils and Eosinophils

Front 77

this granulocyte is a polymorphonuclear (many shped nucleus) that stains CLEAR and its graules consist of bags of lysosomes

Back 77

Neutrophils

Front 78

the function of neutrophils is?

Back 78

phagocytosis: inject foreign debris

Front 79

most numerous WBC at a site of injury

Back 79

neutrophil

Front 80

this granulocyte stains BLUE has bags of histaine located w/in it's granuals and is also polymorphonuclear

Back 80

basophils

Front 81

causes blood vessels to leak ad tissue to swell

Back 81

histamine

Front 82

when not located in the blood stream, a bsophil is called what?

Back 82

mast cell

Front 83

this granulocyte stains PINK/RED and an increase of these are present where parasites might arise

Back 83

eosinophils

Front 84

this division of WBC types are cells of the immune system with no granuals located in the cytoplasm

Back 84

Agranulocytes

Front 85

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

Back 85

T cell
B cell

Front 86

what is the function of basophils?

Back 86

inflamation

Front 87

T cells are infuenced by?

Back 87

th thymus gland

Front 88

__ are attatched to the T cells membrane so __ of foriegn cells can attatch to them

Back 88

Antibodies
Antigens

Front 89

B cells are influenced by?

Back 89

Bursa = Homoral

Front 90

antibodies of B cells are secreted not attatched; T or F

Back 90

True

Front 91

the antibody secretion of B cells is called

Back 91

Immunoglobin

Front 92

name the antibodies B cells secrete

Back 92

MADGE
IgM: macro
IgA: secretory (nasal, salaiv, tears etc.)
IgD
IgG important
IgE ectopic (skin rashes, poison ivy)

Front 93

How do Ig's work?

Back 93

if they encounter an antigen it will attach, each Ig recognizes a particular antigen

Front 94

If a B cell that has become sensitized to a particular antigen and is producing Ig's is a?

Back 94

Plasma Cell

( a B cell with a job )

Front 95

large cell in the blood stream with no function until they leave and become Macrophages

Back 95

Monocytes

Front 96

can fuse together to become multinucleated; function is to eat foreign debris at an injury site

Back 96

macrophage

Front 97

Striated Muscles: aka __, aka __

Back 97

voluntary,skeletal

if you can il it to move it will move

Front 98

Rhabomyoblasts/cytes are/have:

1. active and retired __ muscle cells?
2. many/one nucleus?
3. striations/none?

Back 98

striated muscle
many
striations

Front 99

Smooth muscle: aka _

Back 99

Involuntary

Front 100

Leiomyoblast/cytes are/have:

1. active and retired __ muscle cells?
2. many/one nucleus?
3. striations/none?

Back 100

smooth
one
none

Front 101

your diaphragm is striated/not striated, you can control your breathing

Back 101

striated

Front 102

cardiac aka __ muscle

Back 102

involuntary

Front 103

the branching cells in cardiac muscle are connected by?

Back 103

intercalated discs

Front 104

why are the cells of cardiac muscle branching?

Back 104

coordinates milking action of the heart

Front 105

what is muscles main function

Back 105

to do work

Front 106

skeletal muscle must have a point of ___ and a point of ___

Back 106

origin

insertion

Front 107

is the point of origin on the moveable/least moveable bone?

Back 107

least moveable

Front 108

muscle accomplishes work by

Back 108

contracting-getting shorter

Front 109

what is a z band?

Back 109

an achoring point for muscle fibrils

Front 110

is the insertion located on the moveable/least moveable bone?

Back 110

moveable

Front 111

striation in visible in muscle are?

Back 111

z bands

Front 112

what is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle?

Back 112

sarcomere

Front 113

what are the myofilaments of a contractile band?

Back 113

myosin and actin

Front 114

what happens to the Z band when the myosin and actin contract?

Back 114

the z bands get closer: contract: shorten

Front 115

smooth muscle is tasked to do lighter jobs except where?

Back 115

uterus

Front 116

why can't you see striations in smooth muscle?

Back 116

myofilaments fewer in #

(only visible under electron microscope/not a light miscroscope)

Front 117

what is the makeup of a bicep muscle fiber cut in cross section?

Back 117

muscle fiber
myofibers
myofibrils (myofilaments groups)
myofilaments(actin and myosin)

Front 118

can skeletal or cardiac muscle reproduce?

Back 118

no

Front 119

can smooth muscle reproduce?

Back 119

yes

Front 120

this cell type has lost the ability to reproduce

Back 120

permanent cell

Front 121

this cell type always reproduces (Ex. epithelium)

Back 121

labile

Front 122

this cell type only reproduces when needed

Back 122

stable

Front 123

the term used to describe when a tissue grows in size

o ---> O

Back 123

Hypertrophy

Front 124

the term used to describe cell overgrowth

o --->oooo

ex. Rhabomydodisplasia cancer-lethal

Back 124

Hyperplasia

Front 125

term used to describe new cell growth

Back 125

neoplasia

Front 126

a specialized tissue thaat carries an electrical potential (unmeasureable)

Back 126

nerve tissue

Front 127

what is the normal charges of a nerve cell on the inside/outside?

Back 127

inside -
outside +

Front 128

what could we conclude if the charge of a nerve is found to be + and the outside -

Back 128

a stimulus has activated it;
calcium and potassium have entered

Front 129

nerve impulses travel in all directions T or F

Back 129

F: nerve impulses only travel in one direction

Front 130

the CNS consists of

Back 130

brain and spinal cord

Front 131

teh PNS consists of

Back 131

everything except the brain and spinal cord

Front 132

spinal nerves and cranial nerves belong to this nervous system

Back 132

PNS

Front 133

what is the flow of an impulse going in/exiting a nerve cell?

Back 133

Dendrite->cell body->axon

Front 134

responsible for fight or flight reflex

Back 134

sympathetic

Front 135

responsible for rest and digest reflex

Back 135

parasympathetic

Front 136

T or F: the sympathetic and parasympathetic always work together

Back 136

False: they are always workign against ea other

Front 137

sensory (senses) nerves that report info to brain

( ex. tell brain its a hot stove)

Back 137

afferent

Front 138

brain tells these motor nerves to react

( ex. getcha hand off the stove)

Back 138

efferent

Front 139

this unit is composed of a dendrite, cell body and axon

Back 139

neuron

Front 140

consists of the axon of one nerve, the space between and the dendrite after the space

Back 140

synapse

Front 141

the space between the axon and dendrite in the synapse is called

Back 141

synaptic cleft

Front 142

when the impulse gets to the axon how does it communicate to the next dendrite?

Back 142

neurotransmitters

Front 143

how do we get the nerve impulse carried by the neurotransmitter to stop sending the impulse at the dendrite?

Back 143

enzymes destroy the neurotransmitters to stop the impulse

Front 144

what do MAOI inhibitors do?

Back 144

stop enzymes from breakign down neurotransmitters

( ex. depression)

Front 145

synapse between a nerve and muscle cell are called

Back 145

neuromuscular junction

Front 146

the insulating coat found on nerves

Back 146

myelin sheath

Front 147

what part of the neuron is myelinated if it is a myelinate cell?

Back 147

the axon

Front 148

would i usually find myelinated nerves on smaller or larger cells?

Back 148

larger

Front 149

a type of myelin sheath

Back 149

neurilema aka schwann cell

Front 150

the bare spots between myelin coats

Back 150

node of ranvier

Front 151

how does a pain killer work

Back 151

blocks the impulse so it cant get to the neurotransmitter to send to the next neuron or brain