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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T/F All ionizing radiation is harmful and produces biological change in living tissues |
True |
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#1: The two main mechanisms of radiation injury are ionization and free radical formation #2: Free radical formation is an example of the indirect theory of injury |
Both statements are true |
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The following is (are) true about free radical formation: a. It is responsible for most of the damage to living tissue during radiation exposure b. To achieve stability, free radicals may combine w/molecules and produce toxins c. H2O2 is a toxin produced that causes damage to tissue |
D. All of the above |
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In the sequence of radiation injury, the period between exposure to ionizing radiation and observable signs is known as: a. The period of injury b. the recovery peroid c. The latent period |
C. The latent period |
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The amount of energy absorbed by a tissue, measured in RAD's refers to: a. Dose measurement b. Exposure measurement c. Dose equivalent (in man) measurement |
a. Dose measurement |
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All of the following are true about background radiation EXCEPT: a. It is naturally occurring radiation we are exposed to daily b. Two main types are cosmic and terrestrial c. Medical and dental radiation are the main sources |
C |
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Which of the following could be a long term effect of x-radiation a. Vomiting b. Cancer c. Hair loss d. Hemorrhage |
B. Cancer |
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The type of filtration produced when the x-ray beam passes through the glass window (in the tube), insulating oil, and tubehead seal is known as: a. Added filtration b. Inherent filtration c. Total filtration d. All of the above |
B. Inherent filtration |
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Which of the following exposure factors will INCREASE pt exposure to radiation? a. E-speed film instead of D-speed b. Long cone technique instead of short-cone c. Circular collimation instead of rectangular d. Shorter exposure time |
C. Circular collimation instead of rectangular |
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Which of the following is TRUE of the Dose-Response curve for radiation injury? a. A threshold dose level for damage does not exist b. The response of tissues is proportional to dose c. It has a linear threshold relationship d. A and B |
d. A and B |
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Which of the following is NOT a factor for determining radiation injury? a. Dose rate b. Cell sensitivity c. Total dose d. Occupational exposure e. Age |
D. Occupational exposure |
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#1 Short term effects of x-radiation are associated with high doses over short time #2 Long term effects of x-radiation are associated with small doses over long time |
Both statements are true |
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X-radiation injury to reproductive (genetic) cells a. Is not seen in the person irradiated b. Can be repaired c. Is rarely passed on to the offspring d. All of the above |
a. Is not seen in the person irradiated |
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Radiation therapy is often successful at destroying cancer cells, this is due to the fact that cancer cells : a. are immature and undifferentiated cells b. Undergo mitotic activity at a rapid pace c. Have a fast cell metabolism d. all of the above |
D. All of the above |
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Which of the following is not considered a critical organ in dentistry? a. Skin b. Thyroid c. Brain d. Bone marrow |
c. Brain |
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What units are traditional units of radiation measurement? a. Roentgen, Gray, REM b. Roentgen, RAD, REM c. Coulombs/kg, Gray, Sievert d. Roentgen, Gray, RAD |
B. Roentgen, RAD, REM |
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The units that measure the amount of ionization by radiation that occurs in air is the a. Roentgen b. Gray c. Coulombs/Kg d. A and B e. A and C |
E. A and C |
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The risk of dental radiography inducing a fatal cancer is a. Approximately 3 in a million b. More likely to occur than from spontaneous cancer formation c. Approximately the same as the risk of death from riding a bicycle 10 miles d. A and C only |
d. A and C only |
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The first important step in limiting the amount of x-radiation exposure is correctly prescribing dental radiographs |
True |
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All of the following are true about pregnancy and x-radiation exposure EXCEPT a. The FDA recommendations do not need to be altered b. In a FMS, the uterus receives .1 REM to uterus c. Background radiation in 9 mo. accounts for 225 mREM to the uterus d. Avoid exposure unless needed |
b. In a FMS, the uterus receives .1 REM to uterus It receives 1 mREM |
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Which of the following is NOT used to focus the x-ray beam and reduce scatter a. Lead collimators b. PID c. Aluminum disks |
C. Aluminum disks |
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Which of the following is an example of a radiosensitive cell? a. Muscle cells b. Nerve cells c. Mature bone cells d. Bone marrow cells |
d. Bone marrow cells |
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When taking radiographs, for patient protection during exposure a. Always use a lead apron and thyroid collar b. Protect reproductive and blood forming tissues from scatter radiation c. Don't use a thyroid collar for pano films d. All of the above |
D. All of the above |
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The single most effective method for reducing a patient's exposure to x-rays during exposure is: a. Longer PID b. Utilizing a lead apron c. Using a fast film d. Proper prescribing of radiographs |
C. Using a fast film |
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All of the following are Operator Protection Guidelines EXCEPT : a. Never hold the tubehead during exposure b. Stand 4 feet away from the tubehead c. Stand at a perpendicular position to primary beam d. Use protective barrier |
b. Stand 4 feet away from the tubehead |
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Any radiation with the exception of the primary beam that is emitted from the tubehead is a. Background radiation b. Compton scatter radiation c. Leakage radiation d. Photoelectric radiation |
C. Leakage radiation |
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The Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act a. Was enacted in 1981 b. Addressed the certification of persons using radiographic equipment c. Was set by the federal government d. All of the above |
D. All of the above |
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The Maximum Accumulated Dose is a. Is determined by the workers age b. Addresses a lifetime dose c. Is .1 Rems for non-occupationally exposed persons d. A and B |
D. A and B |
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Using E speed film rather than D speed film reduces the exposure time by at least 1/2 |
True |
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The film badge for personnel monitoring a. Should be worn over the heart b. Should NEVER be removed c. May be shared with personnel exposed to similar radiation threat d. Should NEVER be worn while radiographer is undergoing own x-ray exposure |
D |
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The purpose of the aluminum disks in the x-ray tubehead is a. To filter out long wavelength x-rays b. Focus the beam and reduce scatter radiation c. Slow down x-radiation and lower energy and/or penetrating power of the x-rays d. All of the above |
A. To filter out the long wavelength x-rays |
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In dentistry, R=Rad=Rem |
True |
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What does ALARA stand for? |
As low as reasonably achievable |
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A thyroid shield should not be used in panos because a. The thyroid is not exposed to radiation b. Thyroid shield does not block radiation c. Thyroid shield interferes with image d. Both B and C |
C. Thyroid shield interferes with image |
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Which is the best PID shape for reducing radiation exposure to the patient? a. Conical b. Round c. rectangular d. Triangle |
C. Rectangular |
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The person who discovered x-rays while working with cathode ray tubes was A. W.J. Morton B. W. H Rollins C. Wilhelm Roentgen D. F. Gordon Fitzgerald |
C. Wilhelm Roentgen |
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Of the following uses of dental radiographs, which is the primary benefit to the patient? a. Detection b. Confirmation c. Localization d. Documentation of change |
A. Detection |
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Which film size is also called the narrow anterior film? a. Size 0 b. Size 1 c. Size 2 d. Size 3 |
b. Size 1 |
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The number of BWX films necessary, is based on which of the following? a. Curvature of the arch b. Number of teeth present in posterior areas c. Size of film used d. All of the above |
D. All of the above |
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Which component of x-ray film provides a stable support for the emulsion? a. Film base b. Adhesive layer c. Gelatin d. Halide crystals |
a. Film base |
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The latent image is stored by the __ in the dental x-ray films a. Gelatin b. Film base c. Adhesive layer d. Silver halide crystals |
d. Silver halide crystals |
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Which of the following statements about duplicating film is false? a. It is not exposed to x-rays b. May be placed intraorally or extraorally c. It is used in the darkroom d. It is used to make copies of radiographs |
b. May be placed intraorally or extraorally |
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What is the correct sequence of film composition from external to internal? |
Protective layer, film emulsion, adhesive layer, film base |
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The tube side of the dental film packet a. Has the flap used to open the dental film b. Is solid white c. Should face the patients tongue d. Is color coded |
b. Is solid white |
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The purpose of ___ is to chemically reduce the exposed, energized silver halide crystals into black metallic silver a. Developer b. Fixer c. Rinsing d. Washing |
a. Developer |
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Where is the best place a box of opened extraoral films be stored? a. Well ventilated area b. Outside darkroom c. Inside darkroom |
c. Inside darkroom
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What is the function of the gelatin in the film emulsion? a. Suspends silver halide crystals on film base b. Helps absorb fixing solution c. Absorbs radiation, allowing it to come into contact with the silver halide crystals d. Provides stable support for the film |
A. Suspends silver halide crystals |
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Which of the following components is the same in both the developer and fixer? a. Acidifier b. Hardening agent c. Accelerator d. Preservative |
D. Preservative |
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Which of the following film packet layers protects the film from back-scatter radiation? a. Paper film wrapper b. Lead foil sheet c. Outer package wrapper |
B. Lead foil sheet |
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The aggregates of ___ that make up the latent image center in the crystal a.. Film emulsion b. Bromine atoms c. Neutral silver atoms d. Gelatin |
C. Neutral silver atoms |
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Which of the following conditions contribute to faster film speed? a. Double sided emulsion b. Presence of radiosensitive dyes c. Larger silver halide crystals d. All of the above |
d. All of the above |
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The film emulsion is hardened during a. Development b. Fixation c. Drying d. Washing |
b. Fixation |
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Reticulation of the film is most commonly caused by a. Static electricty b. Extreme temperature changes c. Insufficient fixing time d. Air bubbles |
b. Extreme temperature changes |
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The central ray of the film should be directed perpendicular to the curve of the arch and through the contacts to avoid: |
Overlap |
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#1 Foreshortening is caused by excessive vertical angulation #2 Elongation is caused by excessive vertical angulation |
Statement #1 is true |
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During processing, unexposed silver halide crystals are removed from the film emulsion by which of the following? a. Elon b. Hydroquinone c. Sodium Thiosulfate d. Potassium bromide |
C. Sodium Thiosulfate (fixer) |
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Which of the following solutions is responsible for softening the emulsion during processing? a. Acetic acid b. Sodium carbonate c. Sodium thiosulfate d. Sodium sulfite |
b. Sodium carbonate (accelerator) |
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An unexposed radiograph will appear a. Completely clear b. Completely dark c. Partially dark (fogged) |
a. Completely clear |
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With ___, images appear stretched and distorted a. Film creasing b. Film bending c. Tubehead movement d. Patient movement |
B. Film bending |
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The fixing agent is commonly called? a. Clearing agent b. Gelatin agent c. Neutralizing agent d. Preservative |
A. Clearing agent |
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It is necessary to maintain an adequate distance of 4 ft or more and not exceed 2-3 min. under safelight illumination when unwrapping x-ray film for developing |
True |
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Which of the following is the largest intra-oral film? a. Size 4 b. Size 3 c. Size 2 d. Size 1 |
a. Size 4 |
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The first step in manual film processing is a. Development b. RInsing c. Fixation d. Washing e. Drying |
a. Development |
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An interproximal examination is ___? a. Bitewing x-ray b. Used to examine in-between teeth and crestal bone c. Both A and B |
C. Both a and B |
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A periapical examination is used to examine the ___ a. interproximal areas b. Apex of the tooth only c. The entire tooth d. The crown of the tooth |
c. The entire tooth |
